Tree vegetative and generative properties and their inter-correlations for prospective apple cultivars under two training systems for young trees

Little information is available on vegetative and generative performance of apple cultivars during the early growth of trees in orchards. The aim of this five-year study was to evaluate 2 vegetative (trunk cross sectional area (TCSA) and tree height (TH)) and 7 generative parameters (tree yield (TY), fruit number per tree (FNT), crop load (CL), fruit diameter (FD), shape index (SI), fruit surface color (FSC) and fruit color intensity (FCI)) and their inter-correlations (Pearson correlation, regression analyses and PCA) for young apple trees, on 9 apple cultivars (‘Jugala’, ‘Galaval’, ‘Gala Venus Fengal’, ‘Gala Decarli-Fendeca’, ‘Gala Schnitzer (S) Schniga’, ‘Fuji September Wonder’, ‘Crimson Crisp (Co-op 39)’, ‘Jeromine’, and ‘Red Idared’) in a slender spindle training system (2597 trees ha−1) and on 4 apple cultivars (‘Wilton’s Red Jonaprince’, ‘Red Cap Valtod (S)’, ‘Early Red One’, and ‘Red Topaz’) in a super spindle training system (5194 trees ha−1) in Eastern Hungary. The strongest vegetative growth was observed in ‘Red Idared’, while the weakest was in ‘Early Red One’. Most ‘Gala’ mutants showed high yields in all years, except for ‘Galaval’. On the 6 year-old trees, the lowest tree yield was found in ‘Fuji September Wonder’ (8.2 kg tree−1), while the highest was found in ‘Gala Venus Fengal’ (35.8 kg tree−1). The lowest fruit number per tree (15 fruit tree−1) was found in ‘Jeromine’, while the highest (222 fruit tree−1) was in ‘Gala Venus Fengal’. The highest crop load was found in ‘Gala Venus Fengal’ (12.72 fruit per cm2 TCSA), while the lowest was in ‘Jeromine’ (2.13 fruit per cm2 TCSA). The smallest fruit diameter (66.3 mm) was recorded in ‘Gala Schnitzer (S) Schniga’, while highest (93.6 mm) was in ‘Red Idared’. The lowest shape index (0.73) was found in ‘Red Topaz’, while the highest (0.92) was in ‘Red Idared’. The majority of the cultivars reached very good fruit surface color (80–100%). The lowest fruit surface color (40%) was observed in ‘Gala Schnitzer (S) Schniga’, while the highest (100%) was in ‘Jeromine’ and ‘Early Red One’. The highest fruit color intensity was observed in most cultivars with the exception of ‘Jeromine’, ‘Gala Schnitzer (S) Schniga’ and’Fuji September Wonder’. In addition, correlation and regression analyses revealed strong and significant (p = 0.05) relationships between TH vs TCSA, TY vs TCSA, TH vs TY, TY vs FNT, and FCI vs FSC. PCA explained 87% of the total variance and PC1, PC2, PC3, and PC4 accounted for 33, 21, 20, and 13% of the variance, respectively, and correlated with TSCA, TH, TY and FNT; with FNT, CL and FS; with FSC and FCI; and with TH and SI, respectively. In conclusion, our study provides useful tree property data on prospective mutants/cultivars for growers/advisors in order to select the most suitable cultivars for establishing new orchards under climate conditions similar to central Europe.

Modeling Phenols, Anthocyanins and Color Intensity of Wine Using Pre-Harvest Sentinel-2 Images

The inclusion of technological innovation and the development of remote sensing tools in wine production are an efficient and productive factor that supports the production and improves the quality of the wine produced. In this study we explored models based on Sentinel-2 image bands and spectral indices to estimate key wine quality variables, such as phenols (TP), anthocyanins (TA) and color intensity (CI), providing different sensory characteristics of wine. Two Cabernet Sauvignon wine harvest seasons were studied, 2017 and 2018, and models with coefficients of determination (R2) higher than 60% were obtained for color intensity and total anthocyanins during the first season, both in a period very close to harvest during the first days of April, so the high periodicity of Sentinel 2 becomes strategic. In addition, homogeneous sectors can be identified in the plots for selective harvesting and thus the winery space can be programmed appropriately. These results suggest further work on the number of samples in order to transform it into a useful tool with the potential to define a differentiated harvest and estimate the accumulation of phenolic compounds and the intensity of wine color, key elements in the final quality of the wine.

Comparison between Membrane and Thermal Dealcoholization Methods: Their Impact on the Chemical Parameters, Volatile Composition, and Sensory Characteristics of Wines

Over the last few years, the dealcoholization of wine has piqued the interest of winemakers and researchers. Physical dealcoholization methods are increasingly used in the dealcoholization of wines because they can partially or completely reduce the alcohol content of wines. This study aimed to compare the chemical parameters, volatile composition and sensory quality of white, rosé and red wines dealcoholized by two physical dealcoholization methods: reverse osmosis (RO) and vacuum distillation (VD) at 0.7% v/v ethanol. RO and VD effectively reduced the ethanol concentration in all wines to the required 0.7% v/v, but also significantly affected most chemical parameters. The pH, free sulfur dioxide, total sulfur dioxide, and volatile acidity decreased significantly due to dealcoholization by RO and VD, while reducing sugars and total acidity increased significantly. VD resulted in higher color intensity, which was perceptible in dealcoholized rosé and red wines, while RO caused notable color differences in dealcoholized white and red wine fractions. RO were richer in esters (more ethyl esters and isoamyl acetate), higher alcohols, organic acids, terpenics and C13-norisoprenoids, and carbonyl compounds, while wines dealcoholized with VD had lower levels of these volatile compounds, which may reflect both the loss of esters into the distillate during evaporation and condensation (in the case of VD) and a shift in the chemical equilibrium responsible for ester formation and hydrolysis after ethanol removal. β-damascenone exhibited the highest OAV in all wines, however, losses equal to 35.54–61.98% in RO dealcoholized fractions and 93.62% to 97.39% in VD dealcoholized fractions were observed compared to the control wines. The predominant aroma series in the original and dealcoholized wines were fruity and floral but were greatly affected by VD. Sensory evaluation and PCA showed that dealcoholization by RO improved the fruity and floral notes (in rosé and red wines), color intensity, sweetness, viscosity, and aroma intensity better than dealcoholization by VD, while VD mainly enhanced the color of the dealcoholized wines. Both methods increased the acidity of the respective dealcoholized wines. Nevertheless, RO dealcoholized wines achieved higher acceptance by the panelists than VD dealcoholized wines. Therefore, RO may be a better method for producing dealcoholized (0.7% v/v) wines with minimal impact on aroma and sensory quality.

Vine architecture and production control measures to improve the quality of the wine from Shiraz variety (Vitis vinifera L.)

Aim of study: Ssix thinning treatments were studied to improve the chemical composition and quality of grapes of cv. ‘Shiraz’ under two vine architectures (vase and trellis). Area of study: Spain (from 2015 to 2016). Material and methods: The following thinning treatments were applied during four consecutive crop seasons: T0, control; T1, removal of 33% of the clusters (75 BBCH stage); T2, removal of 33% of the clusters (85 BBCH stage); T3, removal of the leaves at the base of the branches; T4, removal of the leaves at base of the branches together with removal of 33% of the clusters; T5, grouping of green branches; and T6, grouping of green branches and removal of 33% of the clusters. Main results: All the treatments increased the luminosity and degree of polymerization, improving the color intensity and stability in the wines. In the musts, the levels of phenolic compounds (from 48.0 and 46.7 mg L-1 in T0 trellis and vase, respectively, to 66.8 and 68.9 mg L-1 in T6 trellis and vase, respectively), anthocyanins and sugars (from 22.0 and 22.1 mg L-1 in T0 trellis and vase, respectively, to 24.3 mg L-1 in T6 trellis and vase), were considerably improved. Research highlights: Treatments T6 and T4 reported the best results. Branch grouping was more efficient than leaf removal regarding the contents of phenolic compounds. With respect to vine architecture, the results point out small differences, but we recommend the application of the treatments, mainly T4 and T6, under vase architecture. The season effect was mainly observed in the fourth year, probably due to the climatic conditions.

XRF elemental analysis of inks in South American manuscripts from 1779 to 1825

The Regional Archive of Cusco in Peru guards valuable history collections with exceptional regional and international value dating from the sixteenth century to the present. Historical manuscripts are part of the identity of all people; they constitute a tangible cultural heritage that must be studied, valued, and protected. In this sense, the objective of this research was to identify the chemical compositions of inks and paper, with the goals of setting the background of their originality, identifying relationships between them, and glimpsing antecedents that generated degradation due to the compositions of the inks. This study is the first of its kind in Peru and reveals the chemical elements present in the writing ink, the seal, and the paper of five documents from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Duplicate in situ nondestructive analyses were carried out using a hand-held X-ray fluorescence spectrometer under ambient conditions in soil mode, configured with three sequential shots, and energies from zero to 40, 40, and 15 keV, respectively. The elements S and Fe were present as components of iron gall inks. Cu and Zn were less abundant; probably, they provided less corrosion and more color intensity to the inks. The minor elements Pb, As, and especially Ag in all manuscripts differentiate them from European inks of the same period. Additionally, the five documents reflect the same elemental compositions but with different concentrations. This could mean that writers used local raw materials and Spanish ink recipes. Finally, the analyses of standard reference material, SRM 1646a and SRM 196b, gave results with acceptable precision. Graphical Abstract

Effect of Light Characteristics on the Sensory Properties of Red Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

Leafy green production in high tunnels (HTs) results in increased yields, improved visual quality, and extended production with polyethylene (poly) film and/or shade cloth coverings. However, altering visible and ultra-violet light with HT coverings may reduce phytochemicals, thus influencing plant pigmentation and taste. The objective of this study was to examine various HT coverings on the sensory perceptions, soil temperature, color, and anthocyanin accumulation of red leaf lettuce. The coverings included standard poly, standard poly with removal two weeks prior to harvest (movable), diffuse poly, clear poly, UV-A/B blocking poly (block), standard poly with 55% shade cloth, and the open field. A highly trained descriptive panel evaluated the samples using a scale from 0 (none) to 15 (extremely high) and determined a list of 20 sensory attributes. The color intensity attribute had the most differentiation between coverings, and the open field was higher (i.e., darker) than the others at 7.5 (p < 0.0001), followed by clear and movable coverings at 6.8, and the shade covering scored a 2. Strong relationships existed between both colorimetric (hue°) and anthocyanin analysis to panelist-based scores (R2 = 0.847 and 0.640, respectively). The initial crispness was similar for movable, standard, diffuse, and block coverings at 5.3 on average, which was higher than the open field at 4 (p < 0.01). The open field lettuce grew under cooler soil temperatures, which may have slowed down maturation and resulted in softer tissue. Based on this study, HT growers can implement specific coverings to cater to markets that value visual quality.

Coconut (Cocos nucifera Linn.) Root Extraction and Application as A Fabric Dye with Different Particle Sizes and Extraction Methods

Coconut (Cocos nucifera Linn.) root can be used as an alternative to natural dyes because it contains color pigments in the form of flavonoids. Extraction of natural dyes is affected by several factors such as the type of solvent, extraction temperature, ratio of solvent and raw material, particle size, stirring, and extraction time. This study ware aims to determine combination factor of the particles size and extraction methods of coconut root dye on the characteristics and colour fastness of the fabric products. The coconut root powder in 60 and 40 mesh sizes were extracted by boiling distilled water and maceration with 70 and 95% ethanol, respectively. The coconut root dye was tested for the color characteristics and the dye solution was applied to the fabric and tested for the color fastness. The results showed that the particle size and extraction methods used had a significant effect on color intensity while pH value and color index were not significantly different. The highest color intensity was 2.044, the effect of temperature at 30 was 1.949, and the effect of temperature at 100°C was 1.920. The pH value of the coconut root dye solution is acidic with an average pH of 5.85 while the color names from the test results using NADIM 2021 produce three color categories, namely foxtrot, tobacco brown, and pale gold. Although it is not significantly affected by the combination of material size factors and the extraction methods of coconut root dye solution, the results of the color fastness test tend to meet the standards of SNI 8302-2016 regarding the quality requirements for the fastness of written batik. The average grey scale value for each test is 3-4 (Good enough), the staining scale value is 4-5 (Good), and the sunlight resistance test value is 4 (Good).

Optical and mathematical method for studying electrode discharge spots with a liquid electrode

High-speed visualization of the discharge with a liquid cathode, color image processing were performed. The area of cathode spots concentration was identified. Statistical characteristics of the distribution of cathode spots were obtained in order to determine the range in which the intensity code of the green color channel changes, the polygon function of the empirical distribution of the intensity code for the green color channel. The graphical dependence on the frequency of the cathode spot indication hit into the specified interval of the color intensity code was created.

3C Based DNA Hybridization Method for Chromosomal Translocation Screening

Background: DNA probes have been widely used as diagnostic tools for chromosomal translocations in malignancies. PCR-based methods often fail to detect translocations such as MYC/TRD in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In addition, microscopic techniques cannot be helpful due to size detection limitations. This study sought to design a screening tool using immobilized ssDNA probes on a nitrocellulose membrane followed by 3C library fragments hybridization. Results: Hence, we focused on developing a suitable 27 bp specific probe for the juxtaposed region of MYC and TRD. Colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNP) functionalized translocation fragments of the MYC gene with a thiol group (MYC-AuNP-probe). Then TRD-probes were immobilized on nitrocellulose surface to detect TRD/MYC translocation in the SKW3 cells. Hybridization between DNA probes and 3C-library fragments of SKW3 cells was determined by color intensity. Optimal hybridization of the 3C library sample of the cell line to TRD-probe and MYC-AuNP-probe showed higher color intensity due to their convenient proximity to the juxtaposed region compared with normal cells. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that DNA hybridization colorimetric assay could be a helpful technique in chromosomal rearrangements screening. Accordingly, the combination of 3C based techniques and DNA-DNA hybridization can identify cancer cells with high specificity and sensitivity.

The Potential Use of Borassus flabellifer Linn. Color Extract as a Natural Dye

Palmyra (Borassus flabellifer Linn.) palm fruits are bright yellow and have a unique sweet scent. The ripe palm fruits are a rich source of carotenoids which are used as a non-toxic natural dye and have been recognized for their antioxidant benefits. This study aimed to explore the potential of palm fruit extract as a natural coloring agent. The ripe mesocarp of B. flabellifer was extracted using various organic solvents. The carotenoid content, polysaccharide composition, and antioxidant activity of the palm extracts were investigated. The ethanolic palm extract was selected for stability study in various conditions (pH, time, light, and temperature). Then, the extracted nanoemulsion loaded with B. flabellifer extract was formulated and evaluated. The ethanolic extract from the freeze-dried sample yielded high extractive content (42.9%) and showed the greatest antioxidant activity (IC50 2.4 mg/mL). The color intensity of the extract did not fade after exposure to a pH of more than 4. After the storage for 14 days, the color intensity significantly decreased. The light exposure did not influence the color intensity at 25°C. B. flabellifer ethanolic extracted nanoemulsions were successfully prepared by ultrasonication method with the oil to surfactant weight ratio of 1:9. The nanoemulsions loaded with ethanolic extract were stable. The nanoemulsion of the pulp extract could potentially be used as a natural dye.