Psychophysical Relationships Between Perceived Sweetness and Color in Cherry-Flavored Beverages

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 601-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. JOHNSON ◽  
E. DZENDOLET ◽  
R. DAMON ◽  
M. SAWYER ◽  
F. M. CLYDESDALE
Keyword(s):  
Power Function ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Color Intensity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Recording Spectrophotometer ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Power Function Exponent

Sweetness of cherry-flavored and colored beverages, containing 3.2 to 4.8% sucrose, was quantified by a panel of 10 men and women, ages 22–50, using magnitude estimation. Five intensities of cherry colors were formulated using increasing volumes of Red 40 and a constant volume of both Blue 1 and imitation cherry flavoring. Color measurements from the Gardner XL-23 Colorimeter and the G. E. Recording Spectrophotometer were converted to L*, a* and b*. Sweetness was evaluated against sucrose concentration and arctan (a*/b*). Magnitude tests to evaluate color acceptability and pleasantness were also conducted. All magnitude estimates were normalized and subjected to a two-way ANOVA. Sweetness perception was highly correlated with increasing sucrose concentration (r2> .90), producing a power function exponent of 1.98. Sweetness increased approximately 3 to 13% with increasing color intensity in solutions containing 3.96 to 4.4% sucrose. The exponent describing the sweetness-color relationship was less than 1.0, and followed the power law over a narrow range of color intensities. Color 4 was the most acceptable color and color 3 containing 4.6% sucrose had the most pleasant taste. Color might be used to replace some sucrose and can optimize pleasurable taste sensations.

Psychophysical Relationship between Sweetness and Redness in Strawberry-Flavored Drinks

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. JOHNSON ◽  
E. DZENDOLET ◽  
F. M. CLYDESDALE
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Constant Volume ◽  
Taste Panel ◽  
Color Intensity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Color Range ◽  
Sucrose Solutions ◽  
Recording Spectrophotometer ◽  
Sensory Responses

A consumer-like taste panel of 10 men and women, ages 22–50, evaluated the sweetness, pleasantness and color acceptability of five sweetened, strawberry-red colored beverages, containing 3.2% to 4.8% sucrose, using magnitude estimation. Five intensities of strawberry colors were formulated using increasing volumes of FD&C Red 40 and a constant volume of both FD&C Yellow 6 and imitation strawberry flavoring. Color measurements from the Gardner XL-23 colorimeter and the G. E. Recording Spectrophotometer were converted to L*, a*, b*. Sensory responses were evaluated against the value arctan (a*/b*), representing color intensity, and sucrose concentration, as percent sugar. Sweetness perception increased with increasing sucrose concentration, producing a slope greater than 2.00 (r2≥0.87) but produced an exponent less than 1.0 (r2<0.91) when evaluated against arctan (a*/b*). Sweetness increased approximately 2 to 12% with increasing color intensity in 4% sucrose solutions. Perceived sweetness was influenced by pleasantness effects and color acceptability. Color 3 samples were rated as the sweetest, most pleasant-tasting drinks and had the most acceptable color. The color-sweetness function was linear over a narrow color range.

Using Psychophysics to Design Speech Warnings

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (22) ◽  
pp. 698-701
Author(s):  
E. Hellier ◽  
B. Weedon ◽  
J. Edworthy ◽  
K. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Power Function ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Acoustic Parameter ◽  
Psychophysical Scaling ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Power Function Exponent

An experiment is reported which applies psychophysical scaling techniques to the design of speech warnings. Participants used magnitude estimation to rate the perceived urgency of computer generated warning signal words (Deadly, Danger, Warning, Caution, Note) that varied systematically in speed. Stevens (1957) Power Law was used to model the relationship between changes in the acoustic parameter and changes in the perceived urgency of a particular signal word. The value for warning designers of the power function exponent, which quantifies and predicts the effect of acoustic changes on perceived urgency, is discussed.

Magnitude Estimation of Absolute Distance Underwater

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 963-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven H. Ferris
Keyword(s):  
Power Function ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Distance Estimation ◽  
Optical Distortion ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Absolute Distance ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Power Function Exponent

Direct estimates of absolute distance were obtained in air and in water of varying turbidity. Distance in water was under- or overestimated, depending on the interaction of 3 factors: (1) a general tendency to underestimate; (2) optical distortion, which causes underestimation; and (3) water turbidity, which increases the magnitude of judgments, and whose effect increases with distance. Also, whereas the power-function exponent for distance estimation in air was slightly less than 1.0, exponents in water were greater than 1.0 and increased with increased turbidity.

Scaling Apparent Distance in a Large Open Field: Presence of a Standard Does Not Increase the Exponent of the Power Function

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Aparecido Da Silva ◽  
Raquel Alves Dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Power Function ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Apparent Distance ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Actual Distance ◽  
Standard Distance ◽  
Outdoor Setting

Apparent distance in a large open field was scaled by the method of magnitude estimation with or without a standard distance present. The presence of the standard did not increase the exponent of the power law. The average exponent of the power function relating judged to physical distance was .87. The results are consistent with those of other studies showing that apparent distance is a decelerating function of actual distance in a natural outdoor setting.

scholarly journals Contribution of number of children to marital-satisfaction magnitude

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
Raúl Ávila Santibáñez ◽  
Patricia Miranda Hernández ◽  
Andrea Juárez Segura
Keyword(s):  
Marital Satisfaction ◽  
Power Function ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Marital Interaction ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Social ◽  
Magnitude Estimation Method

The magnitude-estimation method from the social psychophysics was used to study the relative importance that men and women, with different number of children, assigned to 63 marital activities. The results were adjusted with a power function from which the exponent describes the rate of relative importance assigned to the activities. For men, the exponent was progressively lower as the number of children increased. For women, the exponent remained more or less at the same level regardless of the number of children. An analysis by marital-interaction areas corroborated the changes in the global exponents previously described. The importance of social psychophysics to analyze phenomena such as marital satisfaction is discussed.

Interindustry Wage Differentials and the Gender Wage Gap

ILR Review ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Fields ◽  
Edward N. Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Population Survey ◽  
Wage Differentials ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Female Worker ◽  
Industry Effects ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Using Data

Using data from the March 1988 Current Population Survey, the authors find that the wages of female workers differ significantly by industry, even when the analysis controls for workers' productivity-related characteristics. Although these interindustry wage differentials are at least as large as men's and are highly correlated with them as well, there are statistically significant differences between the two. Of the overall gender wage gap (the average female worker earns about 65% as much as the average male worker), 12–22% can be explained by differences between the patterns of interindustry wage differentials of men and women and 15–19% by differences in the distribution of male and female workers across industries. Thus, the combined industry effects explain about one-third of the overall gender wage gap.

scholarly journals Assessing power function relationships in magnitude estimation

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barsha J. Coleman ◽  
Richard G. Graf ◽  
Edward F. Alf
Keyword(s):  
Power Function ◽  
Magnitude Estimation

Effects of Gender and Listeners' Preference on Magnitude-Estimation Scaling of Rock Music

1994 ◽  
Vol 78 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1235-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Fucci ◽  
Linda Petrosino ◽  
Molly Banks
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Rock Music ◽  
Music Analysis ◽  
Random Series ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Way

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of gender and listener preference on magnitude-estimation scaling of rock music. Four groups of young adults were tested: 14 women who liked rock music, 14 women who disliked rock music, 14 men who liked rock music, and 14 men who disliked rock music. Subjects were instructed to assign numerical values to a random series of nine suprathresh-old intensity levels of a 10-sec. sample of rock music. Analysis indicated that there was no difference in scaling performance between women and men. There was a difference in scaling performance between the group of women who liked rock music and the group of women who disliked rock music. There was no difference in the way the two groups of men performed the scaling task. These results suggest that men and women perform magnitude-estimation scaling of rock music similarly. Women, however, allow preference to influence how they choose numbers during magnitude-estimation scaling tasks whereas men do not.

scholarly journals SN 2018agk: A Prototypical Type Ia Supernova with a Smooth Power-law Rise in Kepler (K2)

2021 ◽  
Vol 923 (2) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Qinan Wang ◽  
Armin Rest ◽  
Yossef Zenati ◽  
Ryan Ridden-Harper ◽  
Georgios Dimitriadis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Curve ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Type Ia Supernova ◽  
Type Ia ◽  
Rise Phase ◽  
Single Power ◽  
Rule Out

Abstract We present the 30 minutes cadence Kepler/K2 light curve of the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) SN 2018agk, covering approximately one week before explosion, the full rise phase, and the decline until 40 days after peak. We additionally present ground-based observations in multiple bands within the same time range, including the 1 day cadence DECam observations within the first ∼5 days after the first light. The Kepler early light curve is fully consistent with a single power-law rise, without evidence of any bump feature. We compare SN 2018agk with a sample of other SNe Ia without early excess flux from the literature. We find that SNe Ia without excess flux have slowly evolving early colors in a narrow range (g − i ≈ −0.20 ± 0.20 mag) within the first ∼10 days. On the other hand, among SNe Ia detected with excess, SN 2017cbv and SN 2018oh tend to be bluer, while iPTF16abc’s evolution is similar to normal SNe Ia without excess in g − i. We further compare the Kepler light curve of SN 2018agk with companion-interaction models, and rule out the existence of a typical nondegenerate companion undergoing Roche lobe overflow at viewing angles smaller than 45°.

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