Recency Effects and Distinctiveness of Position/Order Information

1990 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichi Sato
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Serial Position ◽  
Distractor Condition ◽  
Item Information ◽  
Order Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Recency Effects ◽  
Serial Position Curves ◽  
Recall Paradigm

Temporal retrieval theory argues that both short-term and long-term recency effects reflect the distinctiveness of position/order information of recent items. The present study tested this proposal in both the standard immediate free-recall paradigm and the continuous-distractor paradigm. Serial-position curves of item information learned intentionally were compared to those of position/order information learned incidentally. In the immediate condition, similar recency effects were observed for item and position/order information; the correlation of item recency with position/order recency was significant. In the continuous-distractor condition, although significant recency effects were observed for item and position/order information, the correlation between them was low. These results suggest that the distinctiveness of position/order information contributes to short-term recency effects but not to long-term recency effects.

Effect of Word Familiarity on Long-Term Recency

1988 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichi Sato
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Recency Effect ◽  
Distractor Condition ◽  
Recall Condition ◽  
Recency Effects ◽  
Word Lists ◽  
Word Familiarity ◽  
Recall Paradigm

This experiment examined the effect of word familiarity on recency effects in two paradigms, the immediate recency effect in the immediate free-recall paradigm and the long-term recency effect in the continuous-distractor paradigm. Subjects studied word lists. In the immediate free-recall condition, words were presented continuously, and subjects were asked for free recall immediately after presentation of each list. In the continuous-distractor condition, each word was followed by a summation task of 30 sec. After the last summation task for each list, subjects were asked for free recall. Familiarity influenced immediate recency and long-term recency in the same way. This result suggests that the same mechanisms underlie immediate recency and long-term recency effect

Primacy and Recency Effects in Immediate Free Recall of Sequences of Spatial Positions

2007 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Bonanni ◽  
Patrizio Pasqualetti ◽  
Carlo Caltagirone ◽  
Giovanni Augusto Carlesimo
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Serial Position ◽  
Serial Position Curve ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Recency Effect ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Spatial Position ◽  
Recency Effects ◽  
Task Requirement ◽  
Recall Paradigm

This study evaluated the serial position curve based on free recall of spatial position sequences. To evaluate the memory processes underlying spatial recall, some manipulations were introduced by varying the length of spatial sequences (Exp. 1) and modifying the presentation rate of individual positions (Exp. 2). A primacy effect emerged for all sequence lengths, while a recency effect was evident only in the longer sequences. Moreover, slowing the presentation rate increased the magnitude of the primacy effect and abolished the recency effect. The main novelty of the present results is represented by the finding that better recall of early items in a sequence of spatial positions does not depend on the task requirement of an ordered recall but it can also be observed in a free recall paradigm.

scholarly journals Long-term memory of real-world episodes is independent of recency effects: magic tricks as ecological tasks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bestue ◽  
Luis M. Martínez ◽  
Alex Gomez-Marin ◽  
Jordi Camí
Keyword(s):  
Serial Position ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Serial Position Effects ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Recency Effects ◽  
Episodic Memories

How episodic memories decay is an unresolved question in cognitive neuroscience. The role of short-term mechanisms regarding the decay of episodic memories is circumscribed to set the maximum recall from which a monotonic decay occurs. However, this sequential view from the short to the long-term is not compulsory, as short-term dependent memory gains (like recency effects when memorizing a list of elements; serial-position effects) may not be translated into long-term memory differences. Moreover, producing memorable events in the laboratory faces important challenges, such as recreating realistic conditions with elevated recall, or avoiding spontaneous retrievals during memory retention (sociocultural hooks). Here we propose the use of magic to enhance the study of memory. We designed a sequence of magic tricks performed live on stage to evaluate the interaction between memory decay and serial-position effects of those tricks. The audience was asked to freely recall the tricks at four different timepoints: just after the show, 10 days, 1.5 months and 4.5 months. We discovered serial-position differences after the show that were no longer present later on, suggesting that short-term memory gains do not translate into the long-term. Illustrating the power of naturalistic stimuli to study long-term memory while interrogating the interaction between short-term and long-term mechanisms, this work is, to our knowledge, the first scientific study of the memorability of magic tricks.

scholarly journals Using response time distributions and race models to characterize primacy and recency effects in free recall initiation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Osth ◽  
Simon Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Serial Position ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Recency Effects ◽  
Linear Ballistic Accumulator ◽  
Response Time Distributions ◽  
Serial Position Functions ◽  
Serial Position Curves ◽  
Alternative Decision ◽  
Rt Distributions

Memory models have typically characterized retrieval in free recall as multi-alternative decision making. However, the majority of these models have only been applied to mean response times (RTs), and have not accounted for the complete RT distributions. We show that RT distributions carry diagnostic information about how items enter into competition for recall, and how that competition impacts on the dynamics of recall. We jointly fit RT distributions and serial position functions of free recall initiation with both a racing diffusion model and the linear ballistic accumulator (LBA: Brown & Heathcote, 2008) model in a hierarchical Bayesian framework while factorially varying different assumptions of how primacy and recency are generated. Recency was either a power law or an exponential function. Primacy was treated either as a strength boost to the early list items so that both primacy and recency items jointly compete to be retrieved, a rehearsal process whereby the first item is sometimes rehearsed to the end of the list to make it functionally recent, or due to reinstatement of the start of the list. While serial position curves do not distinguish between these accounts, they make distinct predictions about how RT distributions vary across serial positions. Results from a number of datasets strongly favor the reinstatement account of primacy with an exponential recency function. These results suggest that models of free recall can be more constrained by considering complete RT distributions.

Effect of Recall Order on Long-Term Recency

1989 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-808
Author(s):  
Koichi Sato
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Recency Effects ◽  
Recall Order ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Recall Paradigm

The effect of recall order on long-term recency effects in the continuous-distractor paradigm was investigated. Each list contained a series of pairs, each of a word and a number. In a recall session, subjects were given the numbers as probes and recalled the words paired with the numbers. Long-term recency effects were largely reduced when subjects recalled words from the primacy portion prior to other words, as in the case of short-term recency effects observed in the immediate-recall paradigm. These results suggest that the same mechanisms underlie the short-term and the long-term recency effects.

Free Recall among the Aged

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1179-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth J. Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Recent Information ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Short Term Storage ◽  
Widespread Belief ◽  
Term Storage ◽  
Recall Paradigm

The present study was undertaken in order to examine output from short-term storage (STS) and long-term storage (LTS) in elderly Ss using a free-recall paradigm. Contrary to the widespread belief that aged Ss have difficulty recalling recent information, the data indicated no deterioration in recall from STS although recall from LTS was considerably less than is usually demonstrated in free-recall studies.

scholarly journals Long-term memory of real-world episodes is independent of recency effects: magic tricks as ecological tasks.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bestue ◽  
Luis M. Martinez ◽  
Alex Gomez-Marin ◽  
Miguel A. Gea ◽  
Jordi Camí
Keyword(s):  
Serial Position ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Serial Position Effects ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Recency Effects ◽  
Episodic Memories

How episodic memories decay is an unresolved question in cognitive neuroscience. The role of short-term mechanisms regarding the decay of episodic memories is circumscribed to set the maximum recall from which a monotonic decay occurs. However, this sequential view from the short to the long-term is not compulsory, as short-term dependent memory gains (like recency effects when memorizing a list of elements; serial-position effects) may not be translated into long-term memory differences. Moreover, producing memorable events in the laboratory faces important challenges, such as recreating realistic conditions with elevated recall, or avoiding spontaneous retrievals during memory retention (sociocultural hooks). Here we propose the use of magic to enhance the study of memory. We designed a sequence of magic tricks performed live on stage to evaluate the interaction between memory decay and serial-position effects of those tricks. The audience was asked to freely recall the tricks at four different timepoints: just after the show, 10 days, 1.5 months and 4.5 months. We discovered serial-position differences after the show that were no longer present later on, suggesting that short-term memory gains do not translate into the long-term. Illustrating the power of naturalistic stimuli to study long-term memory while interrogating the interaction between short-term and long-term mechanisms, this work is, to our knowledge, the first scientific study of the memorability of magic tricks.

Effect of Recall Condition, Presentation Rate and Retention Interval on Short-Term Memory

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 877-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas L. Rohrman ◽  
John C. Jahnke
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Retention Interval ◽  
University Students ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Recall Condition ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Order Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

A total of 300 university students were presented a brief list of non-alphanumeric items and instructed to recall immediately either the items (free recall, FR), the order in which the items were presented (order recall, OR), or both (serial recall, SR). Presentation rate and retention interval were additional experimental variables in Exp. I and II, respectively. In both experiments significant differences in recall were found between FR conditions and the remaining two, which did not differ from each other. More items were recalled at the slow than fas: rate. Retention interval was not a significant variable. Results suggest that retention will improve when order information is eliminated from recall (Brown, 1958), that the recall of item and order information involve at least partially independent memory processes, and that, while the recall of items may proceed independently of the recall of their order, the converse is not true.

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