Influence of Conditions at the Time of Reinforcement upon the Strength of a Secondary Reinforcement Effect

1963 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-752
Author(s):  
Donald W. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Guillotine Door ◽  
Learning Effect ◽  
Secondary Reinforcement ◽  
Water Reinforcement ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Testing Situation ◽  
Made In

Animals were trained to run through a guillotine door into an adjacent compartment for water reinforcement. They were then given access to the compartment as a consequence of bar-pressing, but no water. At the time of testing for bar-pressing various changes were made in the type of response required. For other groups of animals variations were made in the relative sizes of the two compartments during both training and testing. It was found that “getting into the starting box” was as reinforcing as “getting out of the starting box,” that learning in the testing situation did not occur unless previous water reinforcement had been given in one of the compartments, and that changes in the type of response required at the time of testing did not diminish the learning effect.

Schedules of Secondary Reinforcement and Resistance to Extinction

1974 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 443-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dutch
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Reinforcement ◽  
Resistance To Extinction ◽  
Made In

Following 5,000 trials on FR5 Ss were extinguished with secondary reinforcement presented on several schedules. In general, responses made in extinction increased with higher schedules.

Influence of Three Stimulus Conditions upon the Strength of a Secondary Reinforcement Effect

1963 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Reinforcement ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Intermittent Schedule ◽  
Effective Reinforcer

Animals were trained to approach a water dipper at the onset of a light and a tone, water being received following approach on an intermittent schedule. For three groups of animals bar-pressing was then reinforced on an intermittent schedule, using three stimulus conditions: light and tone only; light, tone, and dry dipper; and light, tone, and interrupted presentation of dry dipper. The interrupted presentation proved to be the most effective reinforcer. Ss in other groups which did not at first show a strong effect did so when switched to this condition.

Learning effect of active learning coursework in engineering acoustics course

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (2) ◽  
pp. 4154-4165
Author(s):  
Yusuke Hioka ◽  
Michael Kingan ◽  
George Dodd
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Active Learning ◽  
Learning Effect ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Audio Signal ◽  
Room Acoustics ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
Measurement And Analysis ◽  
The University ◽  
Made In

This paper reports the learning effect achieved by a newly developed coursework for an engineering acoustics course offered to fourth year and postgraduate engineering students at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. The course teaches fundamental knowledge that acoustical engineers need and which underpins a variety of sub-disciplines in acoustics including: fundamental physics of wave propagation, building and room acoustics, electro-acoustics, audio signal processing, and the psychology of hearing. The coursework incorporated practical active learning activities and was developed in order to help students gain understanding of complex concepts related to the room acoustics measurement and analysis. The coursework also has the goal of providing students with an introduction to some of the practical tasks which are typical of a practising acoustical engineering in New Zealand. The learning effect was measured by comparing students' performance in a quiz that was run before students commenced working on the coursework and that in the final examination and by investigating common mistakes students made in the report which was the required deliverable of the coursework. Overall, the new coursework successfully improved students' understanding of the material which it covered.

A functional view on the expression of emotion – the case of Spanish emigration and the media: Politics, manipulation and stance

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 467-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelia Carranza Márquez
Keyword(s):  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Expression Of Emotion ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Politics ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
The Government ◽  
Made In

The expression of emotion works as an argumentative tool in the case of Spanish emigration and its depiction in the media. I have made a comparative analysis of two different political contexts to observe different social parameters at work: the current democratic system and the post-Spanish Civil War dictatorial regime. In both cases, they are exploited by third parties to validate a particular political stance. The analysis made in this work draws on Edwards’ ‘emotion in use’ and the lexical framework within Martin and White’s ‘appraisal model’. The way emigration is emotionally verbalized determines issues such as responsibility. Negative emotion remarks require some agent to be blamed, normally the government for its economic policies, whereas the positive ones have a reinforcement effect and work as a bonding mechanism to the system. Judgment and Affect are found to be interrelated. More specifically, and following Martin and White’s terminology, Affect may work as a graduation instrument in the expression of Judgment.

Spectrophotometric measurements of objective-prism spectra

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
Th. Schmidt-Kaler
Keyword(s):  
Progress Report ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Objective Prism ◽  
Made In

I should like to give you a very condensed progress report on some spectrophotometric measurements of objective-prism spectra made in collaboration with H. Leicher at Bonn. The procedure used is almost completely automatic. The measurements are made with the help of a semi-automatic fully digitized registering microphotometer constructed by Hög-Hamburg. The reductions are carried out with the aid of a number of interconnected programmes written for the computer IBM 7090, beginning with the output of the photometer in the form of punched cards and ending with the printing-out of the final two-dimensional classifications.

Surface Structure in Microtomed Sections Caused by Glass and Diamond Knives

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 456-457
Author(s):  
J. Temple Black ◽  
William G. Boldosser
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Carbon Coating ◽  
Surface Damage ◽  
Body Angle ◽  
Normal Manner ◽  
Bottom Side ◽  
Cutting Direction ◽  
Made In ◽  
Diamond Knife

Ultramicrotomy produces plastic deformation in the surfaces of microtomed TEM specimens which can not generally be observed unless special preparations are made. In this study, a typical biological composite of tissue (infundibular thoracic attachment) infiltrated in the normal manner with an embedding epoxy resin (Epon 812 in a 60/40 mixture) was microtomed with glass and diamond knives, both with 45 degree body angle. Sectioning was done in Portor Blum Mt-2 and Mt-1 microtomes. Sections were collected on formvar coated grids so that both the top side and the bottom side of the sections could be examined. Sections were then placed in a vacuum evaporator and self-shadowed with carbon. Some were chromium shadowed at a 30 degree angle. The sections were then examined in a Phillips 300 TEM at 60kv.Carbon coating (C) or carbon coating with chrom shadowing (C-Ch) makes in effect, single stage replicas of the surfaces of the sections and thus allows the damage in the surfaces to be observable in the TEM. Figure 1 (see key to figures) shows the bottom side of a diamond knife section, carbon self-shadowed and chrom shadowed perpendicular to the cutting direction. Very fine knife marks and surface damage can be observed.

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