Working beyond the normal retirement age in urban China and urban Russia

Abstract The incidence of working for earnings beyond the normal pension age of 55 for females and 60 for males in urban China and Russia is investigated using micro-data for 2002, 2013, and 2018. Estimated logit models indicate that, in both countries, the probability of working after normal retirement age is positively related to living with a spouse only, being healthy, and having a higher education level. It is negatively associated with age, the scale of pension, and, in urban China, being female. We find that seniors in urban Russia are more likely to work for earnings than their counterparts in China. Two possible reasons that are attributable to this difference are ruled out, namely cross-country differences in health status and the age distribution among elderly people. We also demonstrate that working beyond the normal retirement age has a much stronger negative association with earnings in urban China than in urban Russia. This is consistent with the facts that the normal retirement age is strictly enforced in urban China and seniors attempting to work face intensive competition from younger migrant workers. We conclude that China can learn from Russia that it has a substantial potential for increasing employment among healthy people under 70.

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Pensionable age vs cross-country diversity of economic activity of the near-elderly

Journal of Economics Finance and Administrative Science ◽

10.1108/jefas-09-2019-0213 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Filip Chybalski

Keyword(s):

Economic Activity ◽

Pension System ◽

Retirement Age ◽

Content Type ◽

Self Employment ◽

Effective Age ◽

Employment Participation ◽

Country Differences ◽

Cross Country ◽

Occupational Composition

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether cross-country differences in pensionable age explain such differences in economic activity of people at near-retirement age. Design/methodology/approach The empirical study uses regression models for macro-panel encompassing 21 European countries in the period 2008–2014. Findings Empirical results indicate that pensionable age is a determinant of cross-country differences in employment rate in the near-retirement age group, and less a factor differentiating average effective retirement age. It turns out that other factors matter, including salaries and wages as percentage of GDP (treated as a proxy for the occupational composition of populations across the countries studied), self-employment, participation in education and training, or self-perceived health. Social implications The problem of economic activity at the near-retirement age is complex and cannot be limited to legal regulations concerning pensionable age. The policy aiming at stimulating the economic activity of the near-elderly should include actions on many sides including labour market, pension system, education, training, or health care. Originality/value The results complement studies based on the single-country approach and demonstrate that pensionable age does not account for cross-country differences in terms of average effective age of retirement when controlling for other factors. Moreover, factors differentiating effective retirement age and employments rates across countries studied are not similar.

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Health and Wealth: Empirical Findings and Political Consequences

Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik ◽

10.1111/j.1465-6493.2006.00218.x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 7 (Supplement) ◽

pp. 93-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andrew M. Jones ◽

Eddy van Doorslaer ◽

Teresa Bago d’Uva ◽

Silvia Balia ◽

Lynn Gambin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Age Groups ◽

Retirement Age ◽

Policy Debate ◽

The European Union ◽

Equity In Health ◽

Political Consequences ◽

European Health ◽

Country Differences ◽

Cross Country

Abstract There is increasing concern that equity in health and health care in Europe may suffer as a result of the expansion of the European Union and the ageing of its populations. This article reviews the findings of the ‘‘ECuity III’’ project: a network of European health economists who have investigated socioeconomic inequalities in health and health care. In order to help inform the policy debate about how to secure health equity in our ageing European societies, the project pays particular attention to the key decisions about income, health and health care in age groups around the retirement age, as these prove to be crucial for a better understanding of cross-country differences in inequalities.

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Life-Cycle Portfolio Choice with a Realistic Retirement Age Distribution

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.1359904 ◽

2008 ◽

Author(s):

Fangyi Jin

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Portfolio Choice ◽

Age Distribution ◽

Retirement Age

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The Plight of Rural Migrant Workers in Urban China

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.2844361 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Rongwei Chu ◽

James W. Gentry ◽

Jie Fowler Gao ◽

Xin Zhao

Keyword(s):

Migrant Workers ◽

Urban China ◽

Rural Migrant ◽

Rural Migrant Workers

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How Does Firm Size Explain Cross-Country Differences in Ownership Concentration?

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3547092 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fariborz Moshirian ◽

Nguyen Thi Thuy ◽

Jin Yu ◽

Bohui Zhang

Keyword(s):

Firm Size ◽

Ownership Concentration ◽

Country Differences ◽

Cross Country

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Connections Between Cultures: Using Empirical Distributions for Measuring Cultural Differences

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology ◽

10.1177/0022022120982370 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 002202212098237

Author(s):

Wolfgang Messner

Keyword(s):

Cultural Values ◽

Cultural Differences ◽

Distance Measures ◽

Cultural Variation ◽

Group Level ◽

Psychological Phenomena ◽

Empirical Distributions ◽

Leibler Divergence ◽

Country Differences ◽

Cross Country

The past few decades have seen an explosion in the interest in cultural differences and their impact on many aspects of business management. A noticeable feature of most academic studies and practitioner approaches is the predominant use of national boundaries and group-level averages as delimiters and proxies for culture. However, this largely ignores the significance that intra-country differences and cross-country similarities can have for identifying psychological phenomena. This article argues for the importance of considering intra-cultural variation for establishing connections between two different cultures. It uses empirical distributions of cultural values that occur naturally within a country, thereby making intracultural differences interpretable and actionable. For measuring cross-country differences, the Gini/Weitzman overlapping index and the Kullback-Leibler divergence coefficient are used as difference measures between two distributions. The properties of these measures in comparison to traditional group-level mean-based distance measures are analyzed, and implications for cross-cultural and international business research are discussed.

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