The effect of giving potty training on the skills of defecating and urinating at toddler

Toddlers are an effective age to develop their various potentials which include physical, motor, cognitive, social-emotional development and language development. One of the child's developmental tasks is toileting skills or what are known as urinating and defecating skills. A skill that should be introduced early in toddlers to prevent enuresis is potty training. This study aims to analyze the effect of giving potty training on the independence of defecation and urination in toddlers. The type of research used is Quasy Experiment with one group pretest-posttest design research design. This study design only conducted an intervention in one group, without comparison. The population in this study were all children under five as many as 85 people. The sampling technique used purposive sampling so that the sample size in this study amounted to 30 people. Data analysis using Paired Samples Test. The results showed that there where there is an effect of giving potty training on defecation and urination skills in toddlers (p-value 0.000 <α 0.05). So it can be concluded that giving Potty Training can improve defecation and urination skills in toddlers.

Fast and cost-effective age estimation in Bengal tiger and Asiatic lion: applicability of cementum analysis method

Age estimation methods, through cementum analysis, for wild animals are rarely developed in Southeast Asian Countries. In the present study, we describe the applicability of the cementum analysis technique for developing a fast (plus minus 1, 19 hours) and cost-effective age estimation method for Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) and Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica) using incisor tooth. The I2 and I3 incisor teeth from the right mandible of a tiger and I2 and I3 from the left maxilla of a lion were used in the study. The longitudinal sections of the tooth were made using a low cost hand grinding technique on sand papers followed by decalcification and staining with hematoxylin. The cementum layers were counted under the microscope at 100X or 200X magnifications. Two cementum layers were observed in each of the I2 and I3 incisor tooth of tiger and six cementum layers were observed in each of the I2 and I3 incisor teeth of lion. The permanent incisors in tiger and lion erupt between 12-14 months; hence, we added 1 year to the counted number of cementum layers to estimate the final age of tiger and lion incisors. The absolute age of tiger and lion incisors was estimated to be of 2+1 years and 6+1 years, respectively. The same number of cementum layers in both incisors respective to the tiger and lion were observed. Therefore, we suggest (i) undertake the blind test and (ii) collect incisor teeth from naturally died or killed individuals for strengthening the database on the age of the wild population. This optimized method may be suitable for many carnivore species, applicable in wildlife forensic studies and can be used by researchers with minimum expertise, time, and funds requirements throughout the world.

Estimating catch curve mortality based on relative return rates of coded wire tagged lake trout in US waters of Lake Huron

We estimated total mortality using catch curves based on relative return rates (RRs) of coded wire tagged lake trout in US waters of Lake Huron. RR was calculated as age specific CPUE per million of fish stocked. Annual mortality for the late 1990s through early 2000s was estimated as 38% from the 1991-1995 year-classes with an effective age range of 5-10 years, and then was estimated as 24% for the post-2000 period from the 1996-2009 year-classes. The two estimates from simple catch curve regressions based on average RR at age values were the same as from a mixed model with individual RR values from all stocking events. These two estimates were also comparable to the findings from statistical catch-at-age assessments with fundamentally different assumptions. Our approach is not constrained by the assumption that the expected recruitment is a constant over time and thus has the advantage to use multiple observations on each age from multiple cohorts. Our approach has broad applicability to aquatic ecosystems in which multiple mark-and-release events of fish stocking have been implemented.

Vaping on TikTok: a systematic thematic analysis

IntroductionThe rising popularity of TikTok among adolescents may influence their awareness and perceptions of e-cigarette use via user-generated content. This study aimed to examine how e-cigarette/vaping-related videos are portrayed on TikTok.MethodsThe nine most viewed hashtag based keywords were used to identify popular e-cigarette/vaping-related videos on TikTok (n=1000) from its inception (earliest upload date: January 2019) to November 2020. Five researchers independently coded the number of views, likes, user category and theme.ResultsA final sample of 808 e-cigarette/vaping-related videos that met study criteria were included. Collectively, these videos were viewed over 1.5 billion times, with a median view count of 1 000 000 (range 112 900–78 600 000) and a median ‘likes’ count of 143 000 (range 10 000–1 000 000). A majority of the videos portrayed e-cigarette use positively (63%; collectively viewed over 1.1 billion times). Neutral depictions of e-cigarette use were viewed a total of 290 million times (24%) and negative depictions of e-cigarettes were viewed a total of 193 million times (13%). The video themes included (not mutually exclusively): ‘comedy and joke’ (52%; total of 618 million views), ‘lifestyle and acceptability’ (35%; 459 million), ‘marketing’ (29%; 392 million), ‘vaping tricks’ (20%; 487 million), ‘nicotine and addiction’ (20%; 194 million), ‘creativity’ (16%; 322 million) and ‘warning’ (11%; 131 million).ConclusionOur findings illustrated that positively framed e-cigarette and vaping-related postings available without age restrictions on TikTok—a rising video-sharing platform that is popular among adolescents—have been viewed many times. Effective age restrictions are needed to reduce adolescents’ potential exposure to videos that portray vaping positively.

Pensionable age vs cross-country diversity of economic activity of the near-elderly

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether cross-country differences in pensionable age explain such differences in economic activity of people at near-retirement age. Design/methodology/approach The empirical study uses regression models for macro-panel encompassing 21 European countries in the period 2008–2014. Findings Empirical results indicate that pensionable age is a determinant of cross-country differences in employment rate in the near-retirement age group, and less a factor differentiating average effective retirement age. It turns out that other factors matter, including salaries and wages as percentage of GDP (treated as a proxy for the occupational composition of populations across the countries studied), self-employment, participation in education and training, or self-perceived health. Social implications The problem of economic activity at the near-retirement age is complex and cannot be limited to legal regulations concerning pensionable age. The policy aiming at stimulating the economic activity of the near-elderly should include actions on many sides including labour market, pension system, education, training, or health care. Originality/value The results complement studies based on the single-country approach and demonstrate that pensionable age does not account for cross-country differences in terms of average effective age of retirement when controlling for other factors. Moreover, factors differentiating effective retirement age and employments rates across countries studied are not similar.

Path towards efficient paediatric formulation development based on partnering with clinical pharmacologists and clinicians, a c4c expert group White paper.

Improved global access to novel age-appropriate formulations for paediatric subsets, either of new chemical entities or existing drugs, is a priority to ensure that medicines meet the needs of these patients. However, despite regulatory incentives, the introduction to the market of paediatric formulations still lags behind adult products. This is mainly caused by additional complexities associated with the development of acceptable age-appropriate paediatric medicines. This position paper proposes the use of a paediatric Quality Target Product Profile (pQTPP) as an efficient tool to facilitate early planning and decision making during the children-centric formulation design for new chemical entities, or to repurpose/reformulate off-patent drugs. Essential key attributes of a paediatric formulation are suggested and described. Moreover, greater collaboration between formulation experts and clinical colleagues, including healthcare professionals, is advocated to lead to safe and effective, age-appropriate medicinal products. Acceptability testing should be a secondary endpoint in paediatric clinical trials to ensure post-marketing adherence is not compromised by a lack of acceptability. Not knowing the indications and the related age groups and potential dosing regimens early enough is still a major hurdle for efficient paediatric formulation development; however the proposed pQTPP could be a valuable collaborative tool for planning and decision making to expedite paediatric product development.

Vaccination Prioritization Strategies for COVID-19 in Korea: A Mathematical Modeling Approach

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination has recently started worldwide. As the vaccine supply will be limited for a considerable period of time in many countries, it is important to devise the effective vaccination strategies that reduce the number of deaths and incidence of infection. One of the characteristics of COVID-19 is that the symptom, severity, and mortality of the disease differ by age. Thus, when the vaccination supply is limited, age-dependent vaccination priority strategy should be implemented to minimize the incidences and mortalities. In this study, we developed an age-structured model for describing the transmission dynamics of COVID-19, including vaccination. Using the model and actual epidemiological data in Korea, we estimated the infection probability for each age group under different levels of social distancing implemented in Korea and investigated the effective age-dependent vaccination strategies to reduce the confirmed cases and fatalities of COVID-19. We found that, in a lower level of social distancing, vaccination priority for the age groups with the highest transmission rates will reduce the incidence mostly, but, in higher levels of social distancing, prioritizing vaccination for the elderly age group reduces the infection incidences more effectively. To reduce mortalities, vaccination priority for the elderly age group is the best strategy in all scenarios of levels of social distancing. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of vaccine supply and efficacy on the reduction in incidence and mortality.

Using high effective risk of Adult-Senior duo in multigenerational homes to prioritize COVID-19 vaccination

Immediate and universal vaccination is a way of controlling the COVID-19 infections and deaths. Shortages of vaccine supplies and practical deployment rates on the field necessitate prioritization. The global strategy has been to prioritize those with a high personal risk due to their age or comorbidities and those who constitute the essential workforce of the society. Rather than a systematic age-based roll-down, assigning the next priority requires a local strategy based on the vaccine availability, the effectiveness of this specific vaccine, the population size as well as its age-demographics, the scenario of how the pandemic is likely to develop. The Adult (ages 20-60) – Senior (ages over 60) duo from a multigenerational home presents a high-risk demographic, with an estimated “effective age” of an adult to be 40 years more if they live with an unvaccinated grandparent. Our model suggests that strategically vaccinating the Adults from multigenerational homes in India may be effective in saving the lives of around 70,000 to 200,000 of Seniors, under the different epidemiological scenarios possible with or without strict lockdowns.