scholarly journals Antagonistic Effects of Trichoderma Species in Biocontrol of Armillaria Mellea in Fruit Trees in Iran

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Asef ◽  
Ebrahim Goltapeh ◽  
Younes Danesh
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Antagonistic Effects ◽  
Armillaria Mellea ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Almond Trees

Antagonistic Effects ofTrichodermaSpecies in Biocontrol ofArmillaria Melleain Fruit Trees in IranRoot and butt rot caused by species ofArmillariais one of the most serious diseases of fruit and forest trees in Iran. In this study, antagonistic effects ofTrichodermain biocontrol ofArmillariawere investigated.Armillaria melleawas isolated from infected roots and butts of cherry and almond trees and identified with pairing tests method.Trichodermaspecies were recovered from rhizomorphs and around soil ofArmillariainfected roots.Trichodermaspecies identified wereT. virens(nine isolates) andT. harzianum(three isolates).Trichodermadiscs were placed onto cultures ofArmillariato study antagonistic effects. All isolates ofTrichodermacolonizedArmillariacolonies within 5-7 days. Volatile compounds ofTrichodermaisolates inhibitedArmillariacolony growth and rhizomorph formation. Mechanisms of biocontrol were investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy, these included penetration ofTrichodermahyphae in rhizomorphs, colonization of rhizomorphs byTrichodermamycelia, colonization of apex meristemic center and apical buds of rhizomorphs, sporulation ofTrichodermain outer and inner surface of rhizomorphs, degeneration and lysis of rhizomorph tissue, and discharge of rhizomorph content.

Differentiated dynamics of bud dormancy and growth in temperate fruit trees relating to bud phenology adaptation, the case of apple and almond trees

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1695-1710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnane El Yaacoubi ◽  
Gustavo Malagi ◽  
Ahmed Oukabli ◽  
Idemir Citadin ◽  
Majida Hafidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Almond Trees ◽  
Bud Phenology

Uptake and assimilation of nutrient resources.

2022 ◽  
pp. 18-21
Author(s):  
T. M. DeJong
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
Almond Trees ◽  
Nutrient Resources ◽  
Tabulated Data

Abstract Fruit trees require six macronutrients (N, P, K, calcium, Mg and sulfur) and eight micronutrients (Zn, Fe, B, Mn, Cu, chlorine, nickel and molybdenum) that are taken up through the roots. Many of these occur naturally in the soil as cations bound to negatively charged soil particles, while others are dissolved in the liquid surrounding the soil particles in the form of anions. This chapter discusses the uptake and assimilation of nutrient resources in fruit trees. Tabulated data are given on mean annual N, P and K storage (kg/ha) in perennial organs of mature almond trees that received N fertilizer at 309 kg/ha.

Response of Growth Inhibitor Paclobutrazol in Fruit Crops

Prunus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naira Ashraf ◽  
Moieza Ashraf
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Growth Inhibitor ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Colour Development ◽  
Harvest Maturity ◽  
And Control

Paclobutrazol (PBZ; IUPAC name: (2RS, 3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4, 4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1, 2, 4-triazol-1-yl) pentan-3-ol) is a triazol derivative and an antagonist of gibberellins. It has been shown to inhibit shoot growth in various perennial fruit trees. Paclobutrazol application reduced the number of shoots, transforming trees into a more desirable, spur-type growth habit as the vegetative sink was reduced. This compound induces an early and intense flowering, diminishing vegetative growth and reducing the extension of buds, allowing for ripening and the initiation of apical buds inflorescence. Besides, it also increases fruit set, the years following application as a carryover effect. An increase in return bloom is a common response to paclobutrazol treatment and has been reported for various fruit crops. Paclobutrazol is widely used to advance harvest maturity in various fruit crops and it improves fruit quality in terms of accelerated colour development, delayed and synchronized fruit maturation and control of preharvest fruit drop. It is known to improve fruit physical and fruit chemical characteristics. Fruit calcium is increased for 2–3 years due to carry over effect. It helps in the maintenance of better fruit quality during storage and influences nutrient uptake in various fruit crops including stone fruits. It has been characterized as an environmentally stable compound in soil and water environments with a long half-life under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

scholarly journals In-vitro Evaluation of Bio-control agents against Soil Borne Plant Pathogens

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 68-72
Author(s):  
Shrinkhala Manandhar ◽  
Bimala Pant ◽  
Chetana Manandhar ◽  
Suraj Baidya
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Soil Borne Pathogens ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Trichoderma Isolates

Biocontrol is an important aspect of disease management for plant pathogens, especially for the soil borne fungi. Trichoderma species is the most exploited biocontrol agent in recent years. The soil specific nature of Trichoderma species is a well-known fact and hence native Trichoderma isolates should be more emphasized for control of plant pathogens. Fifty soil samples from rhizosphere of various agricultural crops were collected for isolation of Trichoderma sp. Ten isolates of Trichoderma were tested in dual culture with soil borne pathogens Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in an in vitro assay. All of the test isolates were found to be significant in terms of mycelial inhibition growth as compared to control. However, varying degrees of antagonism by different Trichoderma isolates were observed for above mentioned soil borne pathogens. The isolate (T363) was found to exhibit more than 80% inhibition of S. sclerotiorum while the isolate T357 was found to control F. solani by more than 80%.  For the control of R. solani, six of the tested Trichoderma isolates showed more than 80% inhibition of its radial colony growth. The Trichoderma isolates seen effective in this study need to be tested in pot and field experiments for exploiting the use and benefits of biocontrol.

Colony growth, in vitro antagonism and secretion of extracellular enzymes in cold-tolerant strains of Trichoderma species

2000 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 545-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zs. Antal ◽  
L. Manczinger ◽  
Gy. Szakacs ◽  
R.P. Tengerdy ◽  
L. Ferenczy
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Cold Tolerant

scholarly journals Next-Generation Sequencing Reveals a Novel Emaravirus in Diseased Maple Trees From a German Urban Forest

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artemis Rumbou ◽  
Thierry Candresse ◽  
Susanne von Bargen ◽  
Carmen Büttner
Keyword(s):  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Hypothetical Protein ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Glycoprotein Precursor ◽  
Distinct Subgroup ◽  
Generation Sequencing

While the focus of plant virology has been mainly on horticultural and field crops as well as fruit trees, little information is available on viruses that infect forest trees. Utilization of next-generation sequencing (NGS) methodologies has revealed a significant number of viruses in forest trees and urban parks. In the present study, the full-length genome of a novel Emaravirus has been identified and characterized from sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) – a tree species of significant importance in urban and forest areas – showing leaf mottle symptoms. RNA-Seq was performed on the Illumina HiSeq2500 system using RNA preparations from a symptomatic and a symptomless maple tree. The sequence assembly and analysis revealed the presence of six genomic RNA segments in the symptomatic sample (RNA1: 7,074 nt-long encoding the viral replicase; RNA2: 2,289 nt-long encoding the glycoprotein precursor; RNA3: 1,525 nt-long encoding the nucleocapsid protein; RNA4: 1,533 nt-long encoding the putative movement protein; RNA5: 1,825 nt-long encoding a hypothetical protein P5; RNA6: 1,179 nt-long encoding a hypothetical protein P6). Two independent NGS sequencing runs from the same symptomatic maple tree detected the same genome segments. For one of these sequencing runs the cDNA library was prepared using a primer targeting the conserved genome terminal region, known to be shared between emaraviruses genome segments. We suggest, therefore, that the six identified genome segments represent the complete genome of a novel emaravirus from maple, which we tentatively name maple mottle-associated virus (MaMaV). Phylogenetic and sequence homology analyses place this virus on the distinct “subgroup a” clade within the Emaravirus genus along with – among others – rose rosette virus, Actinidia emaravirus 2, and fig mosaic virus. Validation RT-PCR assays performed on symptomatic and non-symptomatic trees suggest that MaMaV may be the symptom-inducing virus in the diseased trees. To our knowledge, this is the first time an Emaravirus is described from maple and is fully genetically characterized. With the discovery of MaMaV, the genus Emaravirus comprising negative-sense single-stranded viruses with very divergent genomes – that were until recently overlooked – has substantially increased counting 22 established and putative members.

Fine Structure of Armillaria Mellea Hyphae

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 134-135
Author(s):  
Arya K. Bal ◽  
Pritam Singh
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Malt Extract Agar ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Armillaria Mellea ◽  
Extract Agar ◽  
Coniferous Plantations

Armillaria mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Rummer is an important pathogen, causing “shoe-string”root rot of forest trees; its impact on coniferous plantations in Newfoundland has been realized only recently. Growing interest in the fungus and the disease has led to research on the finer aspects of the pathogen. Attempts to elucidate the ultrastructure of the rhizomorph, have been made recently by Motta and that of the hyphae by Berliner and Duff. The present investigation includes certain aspects of the fine structure of young hyphae, hitherto not dealt with.The fungus was isolated from mycelial fans present under the bark of infected roots of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss and maintained on 2% Malt extract agar. Peripheral hyphae from 22 days old culture were scraped off from the surface of the medium and fixed in a mixture of paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde in Sorensen's buffer pH 7.2. This was followed by post osmication in 1% 0s04 and subsequent Epon embedding.

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