scholarly journals New principles of gardening, or, The laying out and planting parterres, groves, wildernesses, labyrinths, avenues, parks, &c. :after a more grand and rural manner, than has been done before with experimental directions for raising the several kinds of fruit-trees, forest-trees, ever-greens and flowering-shrubs with which gardens are adorn'd. To which is added, the various names, descriptions, temperatures, medicinal virtues, uses and cultivations of several roots, pulse, herbs, &c. of the kitchen and physick gardens, that are absolutely necessary for the service of families in general. Illustrated with great variety of grand designs, curiously engraven on twenty-eight folio plates, by the best hands /by Batty Langley of Twickenham.

1728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Batty Langley ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Forest Trees

scholarly journals Next-Generation Sequencing Reveals a Novel Emaravirus in Diseased Maple Trees From a German Urban Forest

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artemis Rumbou ◽  
Thierry Candresse ◽  
Susanne von Bargen ◽  
Carmen Büttner
Keyword(s):  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Hypothetical Protein ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Glycoprotein Precursor ◽  
Distinct Subgroup ◽  
Generation Sequencing

While the focus of plant virology has been mainly on horticultural and field crops as well as fruit trees, little information is available on viruses that infect forest trees. Utilization of next-generation sequencing (NGS) methodologies has revealed a significant number of viruses in forest trees and urban parks. In the present study, the full-length genome of a novel Emaravirus has been identified and characterized from sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) – a tree species of significant importance in urban and forest areas – showing leaf mottle symptoms. RNA-Seq was performed on the Illumina HiSeq2500 system using RNA preparations from a symptomatic and a symptomless maple tree. The sequence assembly and analysis revealed the presence of six genomic RNA segments in the symptomatic sample (RNA1: 7,074 nt-long encoding the viral replicase; RNA2: 2,289 nt-long encoding the glycoprotein precursor; RNA3: 1,525 nt-long encoding the nucleocapsid protein; RNA4: 1,533 nt-long encoding the putative movement protein; RNA5: 1,825 nt-long encoding a hypothetical protein P5; RNA6: 1,179 nt-long encoding a hypothetical protein P6). Two independent NGS sequencing runs from the same symptomatic maple tree detected the same genome segments. For one of these sequencing runs the cDNA library was prepared using a primer targeting the conserved genome terminal region, known to be shared between emaraviruses genome segments. We suggest, therefore, that the six identified genome segments represent the complete genome of a novel emaravirus from maple, which we tentatively name maple mottle-associated virus (MaMaV). Phylogenetic and sequence homology analyses place this virus on the distinct “subgroup a” clade within the Emaravirus genus along with – among others – rose rosette virus, Actinidia emaravirus 2, and fig mosaic virus. Validation RT-PCR assays performed on symptomatic and non-symptomatic trees suggest that MaMaV may be the symptom-inducing virus in the diseased trees. To our knowledge, this is the first time an Emaravirus is described from maple and is fully genetically characterized. With the discovery of MaMaV, the genus Emaravirus comprising negative-sense single-stranded viruses with very divergent genomes – that were until recently overlooked – has substantially increased counting 22 established and putative members.

Role of Woodpeckers in Control of the Codling Moth in Nova Scotia

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. MacLellan
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Agricultural Crops

The value of woodpeckers in insect control has been recognized by entomologists for many years. Woodpeckers seek out and destroy many of the hidden insect pests of forest, shade and fruit trees and in the stalks or stems of agricultural crops. In forest trees, these birds have been reported destroying buprestid larvae and prepupae (1, 4, 16), cerambycid larvae and pupae (9, 10), and scolytid beetles (11-15, 18).

scholarly journals 632 Introduction to the Colloquium Genetic Stability of Transgenes under Field Conditions

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 556D-556
Author(s):  
Jude W. Grosser
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genetic Stability ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Woody Perennial ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Available Information

The genetic engineering of horticultural crops to improve disease/insect resistance, cultivar quality, or other characteristics has become a primary area of focus for many research programs. The technique is attractive because a single beneficial trait can be added to an already successful cultivar without otherwise altering cultivar integrity. However, little information has been available regarding the performance of such transgenic plants in the field, particularly regarding woody perennial crops. The purpose of this colloquium is to provide the latest available information regarding the performance of transgenic plants in the field, covering a wide range of crops including vegetables, woody fruit trees, woody nut trees, and forest trees. Focus will be on the long-term expression of transgenes and promoter efficiency. The information provided should be particularly useful to researchers who are currently designing or performing experiments to improve horticultural crops by genetic engineering.

scholarly journals On Some Significant Phytoplasma Diseases of Forest Trees: An Update

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 408
Author(s):  
Carmine Marcone ◽  
Deividas Valiunas ◽  
Soma Mondal ◽  
Ramachandran Sundararaj
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Specific Detection ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Pcr Technology ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Host Tolerance

This paper provides an updating of information of a selected number of major phytoplasma diseases of forest trees, with a focus on the associated phytoplasma taxa. Phytoplasma diseases of forest trees have been less extensively studied than those affecting fruit trees. Research on the role of phytoplasmas as the cause of diseases of forest trees has only in the last few years been intensified, after sensitive and specific detection methods greatly based on PCR technology became available. Various phytoplasma taxa have been identified in naturally infected elm, ash, conifer, sandal, and eucalyptus trees, whereas only one phytoplasma taxon has been recorded in naturally infected alder trees. However, for almost all of the reviewed diseases, there is still sparse information about insect vectors, plant host range, strain virulence, pathogenicity, and host tolerance and resistance. Knowledge of these aspects is the basis for appropriate disease management. In particular, further research is required to clarify the role of phytoplasmas in asymptomatic trees. In addition, the etiological role of various “non-specific” phytoplasma taxa, which have been recorded in forest trees, while no data from pathological studies are available, needs to be further investigated.

scholarly journals Is Xylella fastidiosa a serious threat to European forests?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau ◽  
Yilmaz Balci ◽  
Daniele Cornara ◽  
Paolo Gonthier ◽  
Cécile Robin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Vector Ecology ◽  
European Forests ◽  
Recent Emergence

Abstract The recent emergence of Olive Quick Decline Syndrome in Italy, caused by Xylella fastidiosa, has drawn attention to the risks posed by this vector-borne bacterium to important crops in Europe (especially fruit trees and grapevine). Comparatively very little is known on actual and potential impacts of this pathogen in forests, in the native (North American) and introduced (European) regions, respectively. The present review aims to address important questions related to the threat posed by X. fastidiosa to European forests, such as the following: What are the symptoms, hosts and impact of bacterial leaf scorch caused by X. fastidiosa on trees in North America? Which forest tree species have been found infected in the introduction area in Europe? How does X. fastidiosa cause disease in susceptible hosts? Are there any X. fastidiosa genotypes (subspecies and sequence types) specifically associated with forest trees? How is X. fastidiosa transmitted? What are the known and potential vectors for forest trees? How does vector ecology affect disease? Is the distribution of X. fastidiosa, especially the strains associated with trees, restricted by climatic factors? Is disease risk for trees different in forest ecosystems as compared with urban settings? We conclude by pointing to important knowledge gaps related to all these questions and strongly advocate for more research about the Xylella-forest pathosystems, in both North America and Europe.

Infl uence of Pesticides on Yeasts Colonizing Leaves

2011 ◽  
Vol 66 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 588-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Vadkertiová ◽  
Elena Sláviková
Keyword(s):  
Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Pichia Anomala ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Rhodotorula Mucilaginosa ◽  
Cryptococcus Albidus ◽  
Tree Leaves ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Resistant Strains

The effect of nine different pesticides on the growth of yeasts isolated from the leaves of fruit and forest trees was investigated. Four insecticides (with the active ingredients: thiacloprid, deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, and thiamethoxam) and five fungicides (with the effective substances: bitertanol, kresoxim-methyl, mancozeb, trifl oxystrobin, and cupric oxychloride) were tested. The concentrations of chemicals were those recommended by the manufacturers for the spraying of trees. The yeast strains isolated from the leaves of fruit trees were not sensitive to any of the insecticides. The majority of yeast strains isolated from the leaves of forest trees were either not sensitive or only to a small extent. While Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Pichia anomala were not affected by any insecticide, the strains of Cryptococcus laurentii and Rhodotorula glutinis showed the highest sensitivity. The effects of fungicides on the growth of isolated yeasts were more substantial. The fungicide DithaneⓇ DG (mancozeb) completely inhibited the growth of all yeasts. All strains isolated from fruit tree leaves were more resistant to the tested fungicides than those isolated from the leaves of forest trees. The most resistant strains from the leaves of fruit trees belonged to the species Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Pichia anomala, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whereas Cryptococcus albidus and C. laurentii, originating from the leaves of forest trees, showed the highest sensitivity to fungicides

scholarly journals Antagonistic Effects of Trichoderma Species in Biocontrol of Armillaria Mellea in Fruit Trees in Iran

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Asef ◽  
Ebrahim Goltapeh ◽  
Younes Danesh
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Antagonistic Effects ◽  
Armillaria Mellea ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Almond Trees

Antagonistic Effects ofTrichodermaSpecies in Biocontrol ofArmillaria Melleain Fruit Trees in IranRoot and butt rot caused by species ofArmillariais one of the most serious diseases of fruit and forest trees in Iran. In this study, antagonistic effects ofTrichodermain biocontrol ofArmillariawere investigated.Armillaria melleawas isolated from infected roots and butts of cherry and almond trees and identified with pairing tests method.Trichodermaspecies were recovered from rhizomorphs and around soil ofArmillariainfected roots.Trichodermaspecies identified wereT. virens(nine isolates) andT. harzianum(three isolates).Trichodermadiscs were placed onto cultures ofArmillariato study antagonistic effects. All isolates ofTrichodermacolonizedArmillariacolonies within 5-7 days. Volatile compounds ofTrichodermaisolates inhibitedArmillariacolony growth and rhizomorph formation. Mechanisms of biocontrol were investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy, these included penetration ofTrichodermahyphae in rhizomorphs, colonization of rhizomorphs byTrichodermamycelia, colonization of apex meristemic center and apical buds of rhizomorphs, sporulation ofTrichodermain outer and inner surface of rhizomorphs, degeneration and lysis of rhizomorph tissue, and discharge of rhizomorph content.

New perspectives in vegetative propagation

1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Main Root ◽  
Root Vegetables

Most of the world's fruit trees, many ornamental plants, all the main root vegetables, and some forest trees are increased by vegetative propagation and not from seeds. Recent research has led to innovations that open up new prospects for this important horticultural technique, but the work has also revealed some drawbacks that have previously been overlooked.

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