Verapamil enhances the anticonvulsant effect of oxcarbazepine in the maximal electroshock-induced seizure model in mice

Reactions of 10-(4-aminopiperazino)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepins XIVa-XIVd with benzaldehyde, 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)benzaldehyde, 3-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)benzaldehyde and 3-ethoxy-4-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)benzaldehyde afforded a series of 19 hydrazones IIIa-Xc. Some of them showed the expected anticonvulsant effect but only towards pentetrazole; antagonism of maximal electroshock seizures was not observed. In general, the products have a character of tranquillizers: in higher does they produce central depression, potentiate the thiopental sleeping time, have hypothermic action; in single cases antiamphetamine, antireserpine, antihistamine and cataleptic effects were observed. The water-soluble salts of the basic hydrazones VIIIa, VIIIc, IXc and Xc, administered parenterally, showed a rather high acute toxicity and revealed also adrenolytic and hypotensive activity.

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How Antidepressant Drugs Affect the Antielectroshock Action of Antiseizure Drugs in Mice: A Critical Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22052521 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 2521

Author(s):

Kinga K. Borowicz-Reutt

Keyword(s):

Antiepileptic Drugs ◽

Neurotrophic Factor ◽

Antidepressant Drugs ◽

Drug Effects ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Maximal Electroshock ◽

Anticonvulsant Action ◽

Mes Test ◽

Seizure Model ◽

Glial Derived Neurotrophic Factor

Depression coexists with epilepsy, worsening its course. Treatment of the two diseases enables the possibility of interactions between antidepressant and antiepileptic drugs. The aim of this review was to analyze such interactions in one animal seizure model—the maximal electroshock (MES) in mice. Although numerous antidepressants showed an anticonvulsant action, mianserin exhibited a proconvulsant effect against electroconvulsions. In most cases, antidepressants potentiated or remained ineffective in relation to the antielectroshock action of classical antiepileptic drugs. However, mianserin and trazodone reduced the action of valproate, phenytoin, and carbamazepine against the MES test. Antiseizure drug effects were potentiated by all groups of antidepressants independently of their mechanisms of action. Therefore, other factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) modulation, should be considered as the background for the effect of drug combinations.

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Synergistic Interaction of Retigabine with Levetiracetam in the Mouse Maximal Electroshock-Induced Seizure Model: A Type II Isobolographic Analysis

Pharmacology ◽

10.1159/000430822 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 96 (1-2) ◽

pp. 11-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jarogniew J. Luszczki ◽

Mirosław Zagaja ◽

Barbara Miziak ◽

Magdalena Florek-Luszczki ◽

Stanislaw J. Czuczwar

Keyword(s):

Synergistic Interaction ◽

Maximal Electroshock ◽

Type Ii ◽

Isobolographic Analysis ◽

Seizure Model

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Effects of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen on Properties of Experimental Seizures in Mice

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1955.184.1.202 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 184 (1) ◽

pp. 202-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Dixon M. Woodbury ◽

Lawrence T. Rollins ◽

Joyce R. Henrie ◽

Joseph C. Jones ◽

Tada Sato

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽

Anticonvulsant Effect ◽

Maximal Electroshock ◽

Low Oxygen ◽

Excitatory Effect ◽

The Brain ◽

Electroshock Seizures ◽

Tonic Phase ◽

Convulsant Dose

The influence of various concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen on the pattern of maximal electroshock seizures (MES), on pentylenetetrazol (Metrazol)-induced seizures, and on recovery time (RT50) from MES has been studied in mice. The major results are summarized as follows: Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in 20% oxygen resulted in marked changes in the MES pattern. The duration of the tonic flexor component was increased, and the duration of the tonic extensor component and of the entire tonic phase was decreased; the ratio of flexion to extension was increased markedly. These changes indicate an anticonvulsant effect of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide in a concentration of 15.6% protected 50% of mice against a 97% convulsant dose (CD97) of Metrazol. Hypoxia, induced by inhalation of 15 or 10% oxygen, decreased the duration of the tonic flexor component and increased the duration of the tonic extensor component of the MES; the duration of the entire tonic phase was increased; the ratio of flexion to extension was slightly decreased. These changes indicate an excitatory effect of low oxygen concentrations on the brain, under the stated conditions. Hyperoxia, induced by inhalation of 50, 75 or 90% oxygen, in contrast to hypoxia, resulted in effects on MES similar to those produced by inhalation of carbon dioxide. The RT50 was slightly, but not significantly, decreased by hypoxia (15% oxygen), unchanged by hyperoxia (50% oxygen), and markedly increased by an increase in carbon dioxide concentration. Carbon dioxide (5 and 10%) combined with hypoxia (10% oxygen) produced effects on MES pattern and RT50 similar to those produced by carbon dioxide in 20% oxygen.

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