scholarly journals Hair testing: just how accurate is it?

2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Ditton
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
Tablet Strength ◽  
Hair Testing

Extensive forensic examination of the hair of 209 'Ecstasy' (MDMA) users demonstrated virtually no correlation between self-reported tablet use, and traces of MDMA in the hair of users. Why should this be so? Three answers are possible, and all true. First, self-report is fallible; second, tablet strength varies enormously; and third, forensic analysis is of unknown accuracy. The first two are well known. Forensic analysis, however, typically presents itself as impeccably precise. The article demonstrates that not only is this claim spectacularly untrue, but also that validation of forensic analysis (and, thus, indirectly, self-report) lies in the very blind intra- and inter- laboratory comparisons that are never undertaken.

scholarly journals The Tasks of Forensic Analysis of Vehicle Identifcation Markings

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-79
Author(s):  
V. A. Zhavoronkov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
Separate Form ◽  
Conventional Methods

Special considerations and objectives of the forensic analysis of vehicle identifcation markingsare contemplated. The need to single out the classifcation tasks of such analysis into a separate form along with diagnostic and identifcation ones is corroborated. The issues of establishing original vehicle identifcation markings when conducting investigative actions that are beyond the scope of forensic examination are examined, and non-conventional methods of calculating the check digit of vehicle identifcation numbers that are manufactured in the United States or intended for sale in the United States market are described.

Hair testing and self-report of cocaine use by heroin users

Addiction ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 590-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Tassiopoulos ◽  
Judith Bernstein ◽  
Timothy Heeren ◽  
Suzette Levenson ◽  
Ralph Hingson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Report ◽  
Heroin Users ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
Hair Testing

Hair testing and self-report of cocaine use

2012 ◽  
Vol 215 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 77-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Vignali ◽  
Cristiana Stramesi ◽  
Micol Vecchio ◽  
Angelo Groppi
Keyword(s):  
Self Report ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
Hair Testing

scholarly journals On the Tasks of Forensic Ecology

2022 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
N. V. Mikhaleva
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Impact ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Environmental Objects ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
The Subject

The article analyses the concept of “a forensic examination’s task” as one of the fundamental terms of forensic expertology. The author demonstrates that it is a part of a broader concept of “the subject of forensic examination”. She also reviews the classification of tasks of forensic examination.Next, the article addresses the tasks of forensic ecological examination, which by their nature, as a rule, are diagnostic. The author presents their definition as a set of actions common to this kind of forensic analysis, formed by an expert based on the questions posed to him. These actions are implemented by converting potential evidentiary information about the negative anthropogenic impact on environmental objects contained in the case materials submitted for examination into up-to-date evidentiary information.

scholarly journals The Possibilities of Forensic Financial and Credit Еxamination in Banking Fraud Investigations

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
M. G. Nersesyan
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Forensic Accounting ◽  
Forensic Examination

One type of forensic examination most commonly requested in the investigation of banking fraud is forensic accounting analysis, which includes forensic financing audit. The paper examines special considerations in requesting and conducting this type of forensic analysis, as well as its objectives. Selected case studies illustrate the possibilities of forensic financing audit of official and unofficial (off-the-books) financial records of a criminal association, as well as the scope of a forensic accountant's competence in determining the revenue or size of the premium received for conducting illegal banking transactions.

scholarly journals Hair toxicology identifies greater substance use than self-report in high-risk 9-13 year-olds in the ABCD Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha E Wade ◽  
Susan F Tapert ◽  
Krista M Lisdahl ◽  
Marilyn A Huestis ◽  
Frank E Haist
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Drug Classes ◽  
Risk Algorithm ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Hair Testing

Aim: A key aim of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study is to document substance use onset, patterns, and sequelae across adolescent development. However, substance use misreporting obscures accurate drug use characterization. Hair toxicology tests provide objective historical substance use data, but are rarely investigated in youth. Here, we compare objective hair toxicology results with self-reported substance use in youth. Methods: A literature-based substance use risk algorithm identified 696 ABCD Study participants for hair sample collections between baseline and 2-year follow-up (spanning ages 9-13) for laboratory analysis. Chi-square and t-tests assessed differences between participants demographics, positive and negative hair tests, risk algorithm scores, and self-reported substance use. Results: Hair testing confirmed that 17% of at-risk 9-13 year-olds had evidence of past 3-month use of one (n=99), two (n=17), three (n=3), or four (n=2) drug classes. After considering prescribed medication use, 11% had a positive test incongruent with self- or parent-report. No participant with a positive result self-reported substance use consistent with their toxicology results. Participants with positive tests under-reported use (p<.001), reported less sipping of alcohol (p<.001), and scored higher on the risk algorithm (p<.001) than those with negative hair toxicology. Conclusions: An alarming 11% of tested samples in at-risk 9-13 year-olds were positive for at least one unreported substance, suggesting underreporting in this population when participating in a national healthy development study. The degree of underreporting cannot yet be calculated, as at-risk samples were prioritized for assays. Expanded toxicology testing is key to characterize substance use in youth.

Classical social reward signatures in infants with later ASD

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teodora Gliga ◽  
Mayada Elsabbagh
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Reward ◽  
Socially Motivated

Abstract Autistic individuals can be socially motivated. We disagree with the idea that self-report is sufficient to understand their social drive. Instead, we underscore evidence for typical non-verbal signatures of social reward during the early development of autistic individuals. Instead of focusing on whether or not social motivation is typical, research should investigate the factors that modulate social drives.

Forensic applications of IR infrared microscopic internal reflection spectroscopy

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1528-1529
Author(s):  
Edward G. Bartick ◽  
John A. Reffner
Keyword(s):  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Internal Reflection ◽  
Standard Size ◽  
Ir Microscopy ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
Plastic Explosives ◽  
Internal Reflection Spectroscopy ◽  
Reflectance Measurements

Since the introduction of commercial Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopic systems in 1983, IR microscopy has developed as an important analytical tool in research, industry and forensic analysis. Because of the frequent encounter of small quantities of physical evidence found at crime scenes, spectroscopic IR microscopes have proven particularly valuable for forensic applications. Transmittance and reflectance measurements have proven very useful. Reflection-absorption, specular reflection, and diffuse reflection have all been applied. However, it has been only very recently that an internal reflection (IRS) objective has been commercially introduced.The IRS method, also known as attenuated total reflection (ATR), has proven very useful for IR analysis of standard size samples. The method has been applied to adhesive tapes, plastic explosives, and general applications in the analysis of opaque materials found as evidence. The small quantities or uncontaminated areas of specimens frequently found requiring forensic analysis will often be directly applicable to microscopic IRS analysis.

The Relationship Between Hearing Loss Self-Management and Hearing Aid Benefit and Satisfaction

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Convery ◽  
Gitte Keidser ◽  
Louise Hickson ◽  
Carly Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Hearing Aid Benefit ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Hearing loss self-management refers to the knowledge and skills people use to manage the effects of hearing loss on all aspects of their daily lives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-reported hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Method Thirty-seven adults with hearing loss, all of whom were current users of bilateral hearing aids, participated in this observational study. The participants completed self-report inventories probing their hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between individual domains of hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Results Participants who reported better self-management of the effects of their hearing loss on their emotional well-being and social participation were more likely to report less aided listening difficulty in noisy and reverberant environments and greater satisfaction with the effect of their hearing aids on their self-image. Participants who reported better self-management in the areas of adhering to treatment, participating in shared decision making, accessing services and resources, attending appointments, and monitoring for changes in their hearing and functional status were more likely to report greater satisfaction with the sound quality and performance of their hearing aids. Conclusion Study findings highlight the potential for using information about a patient's hearing loss self-management in different domains as part of clinical decision making and management planning.

Use of a Mild-Gain Hearing Aid by Middle-Age Normal-Hearing Adults Who Do and Do Not Self-Report Trouble Hearing in Background Noise

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-428
Author(s):  
Jasleen Singh ◽  
Karen A. Doherty
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Hearing Aid Use ◽  
Hearing Handicap ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Hearing Problems

Purpose The aim of the study was to assess how the use of a mild-gain hearing aid can affect hearing handicap, motivation, and attitudes toward hearing aids for middle-age, normal-hearing adults who do and do not self-report trouble hearing in background noise. Method A total of 20 participants (45–60 years of age) with clinically normal-hearing thresholds (< 25 dB HL) were enrolled in this study. Ten self-reported difficulty hearing in background noise, and 10 did not self-report difficulty hearing in background noise. All participants were fit with mild-gain hearing aids, bilaterally, and were asked to wear them for 2 weeks. Hearing handicap, attitudes toward hearing aids and hearing loss, and motivation to address hearing problems were evaluated before and after participants wore the hearing aids. Participants were also asked if they would consider purchasing a hearing aid before and after 2 weeks of hearing aid use. Results After wearing the hearing aids for 2 weeks, hearing handicap scores decreased for the participants who self-reported difficulty hearing in background noise. No changes in hearing handicap scores were observed for the participants who did not self-report trouble hearing in background noise. The participants who self-reported difficulty hearing in background noise also reported greater personal distress from their hearing problems, were more motivated to address their hearing problems, and had higher levels of hearing handicap compared to the participants who did not self-report trouble hearing in background noise. Only 20% (2/10) of the participants who self-reported trouble hearing in background noise reported that they would consider purchasing a hearing aid after 2 weeks of hearing aid use. Conclusions The use of mild-gain hearing aids has the potential to reduce hearing handicap for normal-hearing, middle-age adults who self-report difficulty hearing in background noise. However, this may not be the most appropriate treatment option for their current hearing problems given that only 20% of these participants would consider purchasing a hearing aid after wearing hearing aids for 2 weeks.

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