Classical social reward signatures in infants with later ASD

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teodora Gliga ◽  
Mayada Elsabbagh
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Reward ◽  
Socially Motivated

Abstract Autistic individuals can be socially motivated. We disagree with the idea that self-report is sufficient to understand their social drive. Instead, we underscore evidence for typical non-verbal signatures of social reward during the early development of autistic individuals. Instead of focusing on whether or not social motivation is typical, research should investigate the factors that modulate social drives.

Reconciling autistic individuals’ self-reported social motivation with diminished social reward responsiveness in neuroimaging

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa D. Yankowitz ◽  
Caitlin C. Clements
Keyword(s):  
Social Motivation ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Reward ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Reward Responsiveness ◽  
The Social

Abstract The self-report of some autistic individuals that they experience social motivation should not be interpreted as a refutation of neuroimaging evidence supporting the social motivation hypothesis of autism. Neuroimaging evidence supports subtle differences in unconscious reward processing, which emerge at the group level and which may not be perceptible to individuals, but which may nonetheless impact an individual's behavior.

Individual differences, social attention, and the history of the social motivation hypotheses of autism

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Mundy
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Social Attention ◽  
Social Emotional Development ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Abstract The stereotype of people with autism as unresponsive or uninterested in other people was prominent in the 1980s. However, this view of autism has steadily given way to recognition of important individual differences in the social-emotional development of affected people and a more precise understanding of the possible role social motivation has in their early development.

Imaging the “social brain” in schizophrenia: A systematic review of neuroimaging studies of social reward and punishment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Mow ◽  
Arti Gandhi ◽  
Daniel Fulford
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Social Impairment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Reward ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Reward And Punishment

Decreased social functioning and high levels of loneliness and social isolation are common in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), contributing to reduced quality of life. One key contributor to social impairment is low social motivation, which may stem from aberrant neural processing of socially rewarding or punishing stimuli. To summarize research on the neurobiology of social motivation in SSD, we performed a systematic literature review of neuroimaging studies involving the presentation of social stimuli intended to elicit feelings of reward and/or punishment. Across 11 studies meeting criteria, people with SSD demonstrated weaker modulation of brain activity in regions within a proposed social interaction network, including prefrontal, cingulate, and striatal regions, as well as the amygdala and insula. Firm conclusions regarding neural differences in SSD in these regions, as well as connections within networks, are limited due to conceptual and methodological inconsistencies across the available studies. We conclude by making recommendations for the study of social reward and punishment processing in SSD in future research.

scholarly journals To be or not to be emotionally aware and socially motivated: How alexithymia impacts autism spectrum disorders

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Pastore ◽  
Sara Dellantonio ◽  
Claudio Mulatti ◽  
Gianluca Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Socially Motivated

AbstractAutism often co-occurs with alexithymia, a condition characterized by no or diminished awareness of emotions that significantly impacts an individual's social relationships. We investigate how the social motivation of autistics would be eroded by comorbidity with alexithymia and why this diminished motivation would be difficult for non-autistic people to perceive and reciprocate.

scholarly journals Child-evoked maternal negativity from 9 to 27 months: Evidence of gene–environment correlation and its moderation by marital distress

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (4pt1) ◽  
pp. 1251-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Pasco Fearon ◽  
David Reiss ◽  
Leslie D. Leve ◽  
Daniel S. Shaw ◽  
Laura V. Scaramella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Adoptive Parent ◽  
Birth Mother ◽  
Adoptive Family ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Maternal Negativity

AbstractPast research has documented pervasive genetic influences on emotional and behavioral disturbance across the life span and on liability to adult psychiatric disorder. Increasingly, interest is turning to mechanisms of gene–environment interplay in attempting to understand the earliest manifestations of genetic risk. We report findings from a prospective adoption study, which aimed to test the role of evocative gene–environment correlation in early development. Included in the study were 561 infants adopted at birth and studied between 9 and 27 months, along with their adoptive parents and birth mothers. Birth mother psychiatric diagnoses and symptoms scales were used as indicators of genetic influence, and multiple self-report measures were used to index adoptive mother parental negativity. We hypothesized that birth mother psychopathology would be associated with greater adoptive parent negativity and that such evocative effects would be amplified under conditions of high adoptive family adversity. The findings suggested that genetic factors associated with birth mother externalizing psychopathology may evoke negative reactions in adoptive mothers in the first year of life, but only when the adoptive family environment is characterized by marital problems. Maternal negativity mediated the effects of genetic risk on child adjustment at 27 months. The results underscore the importance of genetically influenced evocative processes in early development.

scholarly journals Detection of Lower Albuminuria Levels and Early Development of Diabetic Kidney Disease Using an Artificial Intelligence-Based Rule Extraction Approach

Diagnostics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoichi Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Diabetic Kidney Disease ◽  
Rule Extraction ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Diabetic Kidney

The aim of the present study was to determine the lowest cut-off value for albuminuria levels, which can be used to detect diabetic kidney disease (DKD) using the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data for US adults were used, and participants were classified as having diabetes or prediabetes based on a self-report and physiological measures. The study dataset comprised 942 diabetes and 524 prediabetes samples. This study clarified the significance of the lower albuminuria (UACR) levels, which can detect DKD, using an artificial intelligence-based rule extraction approach. The diagnostic rules (15 concrete rules) for both samples were extracted using a recursive-rule eXtraction (Re-RX) algorithm with continuous attributes (continuous Re-RX) to discriminate between prediabetes and diabetes datasets. Continuous Re-RX showed high test accuracy (77.56%) and a large area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (75%), which derived the two cut-off values (6.1 mg/g Cr and 71.00 mg/g Cr) for the lower albuminuria level in the UACR to detect early development of DKD. The early cut-off values for normoalbuminuria (NA) and microalbuminuria (MA) will be determined to help detect CKD and DKD, and to detect diabetes before MA develop and to prevent diabetic complications.

scholarly journals Faces do not attract more attention than non-social distractors in the Stroop task

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Henschel ◽  
Hannah Bargel ◽  
Emily S. Cross
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Incongruent Condition ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Japanese Family ◽  
The Social ◽  
Perception Of Robots ◽  
Human Faces

As robots begin to receive citizenship, be treated as beloved pets, and are given a place at Japanese family tables, it is becoming clear that these machines are taking on increasingly social roles. While human robot interaction research relies heavily on self-report measures for assessing people’s perception of robots, a distinct lack of robust cognitive and behavioural measures to gage the scope and limits of social motivation towards artificial agents exists. Here we adapted Conty and colleagues’ (2010) social version of the classic Stroop paradigm, in which we showed four kinds of distractor images above incongruent and neutral words: human faces, robot faces, object faces (for example, a cloud with facial features) and flowers (control). We predicted that social stimuli, like human faces, would be extremely salient and draw attention away from the to-be-processed words. A repeated-measures ANOVA indicated that the task worked (the Stroop effect was observed), and a distractor-dependent enhancement of Stroop interference emerged. Planned contrasts indicated that specifically human faces presented above incongruent words significantly slowed participants’ reaction times. To investigate this small effect further, we conducted a second study (N=51) with a larger stimulus set. While the main effect of the incongruent condition slowing down the reaction time of the participants replicated, we did not observe an interaction effect of the social distractors (human faces) drawing more attention than the other distractor types. We question the suitability of this task as a robust measure for social motivation and discuss our findings in the light of recent conflicting results in the social attentional capture literature.

scholarly journals Social motivation is associated with increased weight granted to cooperation-related cues in face evaluation tasks

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lou Safra ◽  
Nicolas Baumard ◽  
Valentin Wyart ◽  
Coralie Chevallier
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Social Bonding ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Cooperative Interactions ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Socially Motivated

It is a trope in psychological science to define the human species as inherently social. Yet, despite its key role in human behaviour, the mechanisms by which social bonding actually shapes social behaviour have not been fully characterized. Across six studies, we show that the motivation for social bonding does not indiscriminately increase individuals’ willingness to approach others but that it is instead associated with specific variations in social evaluations. Studies 1-4 demonstrate that social motivation is associated with a larger importance granted to cooperation-related cues, i.e. trustworthiness cues, during social evaluations. Studies 5 and 6 further reveal that this weighting difference leads strongly socially motivated participants to approach more partners that are perceived as both dominant and trustworthy. Taken together, our results provide support for the idea that humans’ social motivation is associated with specific social preferences that favour successful cooperative interactions and a widening of people’s cooperative circle.

scholarly journals Faces Do Not Attract More Attention Than Non-Social Distractors in the Stroop Task

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Henschel ◽  
Hannah Bargel ◽  
Emily S. Cross
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Incongruent Condition ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Japanese Family ◽  
The Social ◽  
Perception Of Robots ◽  
Human Faces

As robots begin to receive citizenship, are treated as beloved pets, and given a place at Japanese family tables, it is becoming clear that these machines are taking on increasingly social roles. While human-robot interaction research relies heavily on self-report measures for assessing people’s perception of robots, a distinct lack of robust cognitive and behavioural measures to gauge the scope and limits of social motivation towards artificial agents exists. Here we adapted Conty and colleagues’ (2010) social version of the classic Stroop paradigm, in which we showed four kinds of distractor images above incongruent and neutral words: human faces, robot faces, object faces (for example, a cloud with facial features) and flowers (control). We predicted that social stimuli, like human faces, would be extremely salient and draw attention away from the to-be-processed words. A repeated-measures ANOVA indicated that the task worked (the Stroop effect was observed), and a distractor-dependent enhancement of Stroop interference emerged. Planned contrasts indicated that specifically human faces presented above incongruent words significantly slowed participants’ reaction times. To investigate this small effect further, we conducted a second experiment (N=51) with a larger stimulus set. While the main effect of the incongruent condition slowing down participants’ reaction time replicated, we did not observe an interaction effect of the social distractors (human faces) drawing more attention than the other distractor types. We question the suitability of this task as a robust measure for social motivation and discuss our findings in the light of recent conflicting results in the social attentional capture literature.

scholarly journals Neuropsychiatric Phenotypes and a Distinct Constellation of ASD Features in 3q29 Deletion Syndrome: Results from the 3q29 Registry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca M Pollak ◽  
Melissa M Murphy ◽  
Michael P Epstein ◽  
Michael E Zwick ◽  
Cheryl Klaiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Deletion Syndrome ◽  
Social Responsiveness ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
T Score ◽  
Increased Risk

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe 1.6 Mb 3q29 deletion is associated with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric phenotypes, including increased risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and a 20-40-fold increased risk for schizophrenia. However, the phenotypic spectrum of the deletion, particularly with respect to ASD, remains poorly described.MethodsWe ascertained individuals with 3q29 deletion syndrome (3q29Del, “cases”, n=93, 58.1% male) and typically developing controls (n=64, 51.6% male) through the 3q29 registry (https://3q29deletion.patientcrossroads.org). Self-report of neuropsychiatric illness was evaluated for 93 cases. Subsets of participants were evaluated with the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS, n=48 cases, 56 controls), Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ, n=33 cases, 46 controls), Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ, n=24 cases, 35 controls), and Achenbach Behavior Checklists (n=48 cases, 57 controls).Results3q29Del cases report a higher prevalence of autism diagnoses versus the general population (29.0% vs. 1.47%, p<2.2E-16). Notably, 3q29 deletion confers a greater influence on risk for ASD in females (OR=41.8, p=4.78E-05) than in males (OR=24.6, p=6.06E-09); this is aligned with the reduced male:female bias from 4:1 in the general population to 2:1 in our study sample. Although 71% of cases do not report a diagnosis of ASD, there is evidence of significant social disability (3q29Del SRS T-score=71.8, control SRS T-score=45.9, p=2.16E-13). Cases also report increased frequency of generalized anxiety disorder compared to controls (28.0% vs. 6.2%, p=0.001), which is mirrored by elevated mean scores on the Achenbach DSM-oriented sub-scales (p<0.001). Finally, cases show a distinct constellation of ASD features on the SRS as compared to idiopathic ASD, with substantially elevated Restricted Interests and Repetitive Behaviors, but only mild impairment in Social Motivation.ConclusionsOur sample of 3q29Del is significantly enriched for ASD diagnosis, especially among females, and features of autism may be present even when an ASD diagnosis is not reported. Further, the constellation of ASD features in this population is distinct from idiopathic ASD, with substantially less impaired social motivation. Our study implies that ASD evaluation should be the standard of care for individuals with 3q29Del. From a research perspective, the distinct ASD subtype present in 3q29Del is an ideal entry point for expanding understanding of ASD.

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