An Answer Set Programming Framework for Reasoning about Agents' Beliefs and Truthfulness of Statements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello Balduccini ◽  
Michael Gelfond ◽  
Enrico Pontelli ◽  
Tran Cao Son
Keyword(s):  
Answer Set Programming ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Belief State ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Default Reasoning ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Reasoning About Actions ◽  
Programming Framework ◽  
Man In The Middle ◽  
Answer Set

The paper proposes a framework for capturing how an agent’s beliefs evolve over time in response to observations and for answering the question of whether statements made by a third party can be believed. The basic components of the framework are a formalism for reasoning about actions, changes, and observations and a formalism for default reasoning. The paper describes a concrete implementation that leverages answer set programming for determining the evolution of an agent's ``belief state'', based on observations, knowledge about the effects of actions, and a theory about how these influence an agent's beliefs. The beliefs are then used to assess whether statements made by a third party can be accepted as truthful. The paper investigates an application of the proposed framework in the detection of man-in-the-middle attacks targeting computers and cyber-physical systems. Finally, we briefly discuss related work and possible extensions.

scholarly journals Determining Action Reversibility in STRIPS Using Answer Set and Epistemic Logic Programming

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
WOLFGANG FABER ◽  
MICHAEL MORAK ◽  
LUKÁŠ CHRPA
Keyword(s):  
Logic Programming ◽  
Epistemic Logic ◽  
Answer Set Programming ◽  
Reasoning About Actions ◽  
Original State ◽  
Computational Problem ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
Answer Set

Abstract In the context of planning and reasoning about actions and change, we call an action reversible when its effects can be reverted by applying other actions, returning to the original state. Renewed interest in this area has led to several results in the context of the PDDL language, widely used for describing planning tasks. In this paper, we propose several solutions to the computational problem of deciding the reversibility of an action. In particular, we leverage an existing translation from PDDL to Answer Set Programming (ASP), and then use several different encodings to tackle the problem of action reversibility for the STRIPS fragment of PDDL. For these, we use ASP, as well as Epistemic Logic Programming (ELP), an extension of ASP with epistemic operators, and compare and contrast their strengths and weaknesses.

Heterogeneous co-simulation for embedded and cyber-physical systems design

SIMULATION ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 753-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed-Hosein Attarzadeh-Niaki ◽  
Ingo Sander
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
System Modeling ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Design Flow ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Ip Blocks ◽  
Simulation Problem ◽  
High Level

The growing complexity of embedded and cyber-physical systems makes the design of all system components from scratch increasingly impractical. Consequently, already from early stages of a design flow, designers rely on prior experience, which comes in the form of legacy code or third-party intellectual property (IP) blocks. Current approaches partly address the co-simulation problem for specific scenarios in an ad hoc style. This work suggests a general method for co-simulation of heterogeneous IPs with a system modeling and simulation framework. The external IPs can be integrated as high-level models running in an external simulator or as software- and hardware-in-the-loop simulation with minimal effort. Examples of co-simulation scenarios for wrapping models with different semantics are presented together with their practical usage in two case studies. The presented method is also used to formulate a refinement-by-replacement workflow for IP-based system design.

scholarly journals Possibilistic ASP Base Revision by Certain Input

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Garcia ◽  
Claire Lefèvre ◽  
Odile Papini ◽  
Igor Stéphan ◽  
Eric Würbel
Keyword(s):  
Answer Set Programming ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Logic Programs ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Belief Base ◽  
Programming Framework ◽  
Base Revision ◽  
Possibilistic Logic ◽  
Answer Set Semantics ◽  
Answer Set

Belief base revision has been studied within the answer set programming framework. We go a step further by introducing uncertainty and studying belief base revision when beliefs are represented by possibilistic logic programs under possibilistic answer set semantics and revised by certain input. The paper proposes two approaches of rule-based revision operators and presents their semantic characterization in terms of possibilistic distribution. This semantic characterization allows for equivalently considering the evolution of syntactic logic programs and the evolution of their semantic content. It then studies the logical properties of the proposed operators and gives complexity results.

Modeling Natural Language Metaphors with an Answer Set Programming Framework

2014 ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Acosta-Guadarrama ◽  
Rogelio Dávila-Pérez ◽  
Mauricio Osorio ◽  
Victor Hugo Zaldivar
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Answer Set Programming ◽  
Programming Framework ◽  
Answer Set

scholarly journals Optimistic Fair Exchange in Cloud-Assisted Cyber-Physical Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Wang ◽  
Feixiang Luo ◽  
Zequan Zhou ◽  
Xiling Luo ◽  
Zhen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Data Exchange ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Fair Exchange ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Optimistic Fair Exchange ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
A New Technique

Recently, optimistic fair exchange in electronic commerce (e-commerce) or mobile commerce (m-commerce) has made great progress. However, new technologies create large amounts of data and it is difficult to handle them. Fortunately, with the assistance of cloud computing and big data, optimistic fair exchange of digital items in cyber-physical systems (CPSes) can be efficiently managed. Optimistic fair exchange in cloud-assisted CPSes mainly focuses on online data exchange in e-commerce or online contracts signing. However, there exist new forms of risks in the uncertain network environment. To solve the above problems, we use a new technique called verifiably encrypted identity-based signature (VEIS) to construct optimistic fair exchange in cloud-assisted CPSes. VEIS is an encrypted signature, and we can check the validity of the underlying signature without decrypting it. We introduce a robust arbitration mechanism to guarantee fairness of the exchange, and even the trusted third party (TTP) cannot get the original signatures of the exchange parties. And the TTP in our protocol is offline, which greatly improves the efficiency. Besides, we show that our protocol is secure, fair, and practical.

scholarly journals An Effective Security Requirements Engineering Framework for Cyber-Physical Systems

Technologies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shafiq Rehman ◽  
Volker Gruhn
Keyword(s):  
Requirements Engineering ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Requirements Evolution ◽  
Security Requirements Engineering ◽  
Secure Software Engineering ◽  
Network Channel

Context and motivation: Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) are gaining priority over other systems. The heterogeneity of these systems increases the importance of security. Both the developer and the requirement analyst must consider details of not only the software, but also the hardware perspective, including sensor and network security. Several models for secure software engineering processes have been proposed, but they are limited to software; therefore, to support the processes of security requirements, we need a security requirements framework for CPSs. Question/Problem: Do existing security requirements frameworks fulfil the needs of CPS security requirements? The answer is no; existing security requirements frameworks fail to accommodate security concerns outside of software boundaries. Little or even no attention has been given to sensor, hardware, network, and third party elements during security requirements engineering in different existing frameworks. Principal Ideas/results: We have proposed, applied, and assessed an incremental security requirements evolution approach, which configures the heterogeneous nature of components and their threats in order to generate a secure system. Contribution: The most significant contribution of this paper is to propose a security requirements engineering framework for CPSs that overcomes the issue of security requirements elicitation for heterogeneous CPS components. The proposed framework supports the elicitation of security requirements while considering sensor, receiver protocol, network channel issues, along with software aspects. Furthermore, the proposed CPS framework has been evaluated through a case study, and the results are shown in this paper. The results would provide great support in this research direction.

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