PENDEKATAN RESTORATIVE JUSTICE DALAM MELINDUNGI KORBAN KEKERASAN SEKSUAL

The restorative justice approach basically exists to reduce the number of prisoners in prisons. Therefore, as much as possible it is resolved peacefully (mediation) with the aim of restoring the situation to its original state and restoring the pattern of good relations in society. In the case of sexual violence, the loss suffered by the victim is not only physical and material but also psychologically and socially affected. Whether then this Restorative Justice can protect victims and guarantee the rights of victims, of course this is still a big question mark. Physical and material losses may be able to recover in a short time, but psychologically it takes so long even a lifetime. In addition, there is no security guarantee that the perpetrator will not threaten the victim or even repeat his actions when the Restorative Justice process is completed.

PRERADA TUĐE STVARI U DOMAĆEM POZITIVNOM PRAVU

Before the accession to European Union, Serbia must regulate the entire field of property law in order to meet the harmonization of the European law with an adequate national legislation. In this process the priority should be given to regulating the institutes which are not comprehensively regulated in the positive law, that is which have a lot of legal gaps that are difficult to fill in, such is the institute of obtaining the property by transforming a thing belonging to another person without his consent, especially by using his materials to form a new object, becoming the proprietor of the same (specificatio). In the first three parts of the paper, the author introduces to the readers the methods for acquiring the property in this way, the possibility of returning the transformed object to the original state and the possible criteria for discussing the relationship between the person who performs the alteration and the owner of the material. In the next two parts, the author presents and analyses the national provisions regulating this matter with the critical overview of the following situations: when only one party is a conscientious participant and when both parties in the alteration are conscientious or not conscientious participants. In the concluding remarks, the author formulates her own suggestions how these provisions should be regulated in future.

Analysis the digital images by using morphology operators

In this paper, we deal with morphology images that try to improve the use of images. On the one hand, the process is used to obtain the histogram of the image then converted it into a non-color image (gray scale). The next step is to perform the erosion, dilation, open and close operations on the images, how these methods have important effects, and how can be used on a variable number of images, and found the differences between them. These operations were applied on four different images, check images, four basic operations (dilation, erosion, open and close) for each image were performed. Then, retrieving process to the original state of the image (the colored copy) was applied. The results found that retrieving the original images is difficult, and there is the occurrence of some noises on the image when it was retrieved. Finally, conclusions of the work are presented.

Technical aspects of the reconstruction of historic gardens

Built elements and structures are a prominent component of our historic gardens, both in terms of function and artistic composition and garden scenery. The surveys of historic garden structures are important research tasks, which also underpins and validates restoration work. In most cases, the neglected state of historic gardens and sites and the unavailable archival materials do not allow an authentic restoration of historic gardens to their original state. Nevertheless, there is a real need to reconstruct our historic gardens, based not only on historical authenticity but also on a systematic reinterpretation of the relationship between society and landscape. The objective of this article is to present a general methodology for renewal of historic gardens through examples of specific garden reconstructions. The case studies are the authors' own design works, which demonstrate the application of different design approaches, highlighting details of the reconstruction of specific built garden elements.

Hydrological and chemical characteristics of Matthews Lagoon and Boggy Pond, Wairarapa: Essential information for the decision making process of wetland restoration

<p>Wetlands are areas where lands transition to water bodies. Because of this special geomorphological setting, wetlands play important roles in flood control, nutrient retention, and water storage. In New Zealand, less than ten percent of the original wetlands have survived since human settlement. Many of the remaining wetlands are still under threat from water quality degradation, invasive species, and changes in hydrological regime. Wetland restoration is the process of bringing the structure and function of a wetland back to its original state. Although specific objectives may vary between different projects, three major objectives of wetland restoration are restoration of wetland function, restoration of wetland structure, and restoration of traditional landscape and land-use practices. In order to ensure the success of a wetland restoration project, a good understanding of the hydrological process in the wetland is the first step. Boggy Pond and Matthews Lagoon are located at the eastern edge of Lake Wairarapa in the Wellington Region. They formed as a result of the deposition of sanddunes on the eastern shore and changes in river courses between floods. They were modified by a series of engineering works under the lower Wairarapa valley development scheme in the 1980s. As a result, Matthews Lagoon now receives agricultural outputs from surrounding farms; it is affected by water pollution and invasive plant species. Boggy Pond is cut off from Lake Wairarapa and surrounding wetlands by a road and stopbank, leaving a more stable water level compared to its original state. To analyse the water and nutrient balance in these two wetlands, factors such as surface flows, surface water levels, groundwater levels, rainfall, climate data, and water quality were assessed at various monitoring stations in this study. It is believed that Matthews Lagoon and Boggy Pond have completely different water regimes. Matthews Lagoon receives surface inflow from the Te Hopai drainage scheme and discharges to Oporua floodway, but Boggy Pond only has rainfall as the water input. The results from the water balance analysis seem to support this assumption. An unexpected finding in Matthews Lagoon suggests that water might bypass the main wetland, creating a shortcut between the inlet and outlet. As a result, the nutrient removal ability was considerably weakened by this bypass because of the short water retention time. In Boggy Pond, there may be an unknown water input which could adversely affect the water quality and natural water regime. Boggy Pond is expected to have better water quality than Matthews Lagoon as the latter receives agricultural drainage from surrounding farms. The results from water quality monitoring also support this hypothesis. The nutrient balance in Matthews Lagoon showed very limited removal ability for phosphate but much higher removal rate for nitrate. The removal rate in summer for phosphate was less than 5% while in winter more phosphate was discharged from Matthews Lagoon than it received from Te Hopai drainage scheme. For nitrate pollutants, the removal rate was as high as 17% even in winter. Some recommendations are given on the restoration of these two wetlands. First, set proper objectives according to their different functions. Second, enhance the nutrient removal ability of Matthews Lagoon by harvesting plants, removing old sediments, and creating a more evenly distributed flow across the wetland throughout the year. Third, restore the natural water level fluctuations and improve water quality in Boggy Pond by identifying any unknown water inputs first.</p>

Hydrological and chemical characteristics of Matthews Lagoon and Boggy Pond, Wairarapa: Essential information for the decision making process of wetland restoration

<p>Wetlands are areas where lands transition to water bodies. Because of this special geomorphological setting, wetlands play important roles in flood control, nutrient retention, and water storage. In New Zealand, less than ten percent of the original wetlands have survived since human settlement. Many of the remaining wetlands are still under threat from water quality degradation, invasive species, and changes in hydrological regime. Wetland restoration is the process of bringing the structure and function of a wetland back to its original state. Although specific objectives may vary between different projects, three major objectives of wetland restoration are restoration of wetland function, restoration of wetland structure, and restoration of traditional landscape and land-use practices. In order to ensure the success of a wetland restoration project, a good understanding of the hydrological process in the wetland is the first step. Boggy Pond and Matthews Lagoon are located at the eastern edge of Lake Wairarapa in the Wellington Region. They formed as a result of the deposition of sanddunes on the eastern shore and changes in river courses between floods. They were modified by a series of engineering works under the lower Wairarapa valley development scheme in the 1980s. As a result, Matthews Lagoon now receives agricultural outputs from surrounding farms; it is affected by water pollution and invasive plant species. Boggy Pond is cut off from Lake Wairarapa and surrounding wetlands by a road and stopbank, leaving a more stable water level compared to its original state. To analyse the water and nutrient balance in these two wetlands, factors such as surface flows, surface water levels, groundwater levels, rainfall, climate data, and water quality were assessed at various monitoring stations in this study. It is believed that Matthews Lagoon and Boggy Pond have completely different water regimes. Matthews Lagoon receives surface inflow from the Te Hopai drainage scheme and discharges to Oporua floodway, but Boggy Pond only has rainfall as the water input. The results from the water balance analysis seem to support this assumption. An unexpected finding in Matthews Lagoon suggests that water might bypass the main wetland, creating a shortcut between the inlet and outlet. As a result, the nutrient removal ability was considerably weakened by this bypass because of the short water retention time. In Boggy Pond, there may be an unknown water input which could adversely affect the water quality and natural water regime. Boggy Pond is expected to have better water quality than Matthews Lagoon as the latter receives agricultural drainage from surrounding farms. The results from water quality monitoring also support this hypothesis. The nutrient balance in Matthews Lagoon showed very limited removal ability for phosphate but much higher removal rate for nitrate. The removal rate in summer for phosphate was less than 5% while in winter more phosphate was discharged from Matthews Lagoon than it received from Te Hopai drainage scheme. For nitrate pollutants, the removal rate was as high as 17% even in winter. Some recommendations are given on the restoration of these two wetlands. First, set proper objectives according to their different functions. Second, enhance the nutrient removal ability of Matthews Lagoon by harvesting plants, removing old sediments, and creating a more evenly distributed flow across the wetland throughout the year. Third, restore the natural water level fluctuations and improve water quality in Boggy Pond by identifying any unknown water inputs first.</p>

The Role of Coloristic Decoration of the Architectural Order in Shaping the Façade Tectonics in the Baroque Period

The article is dedicated to the role of polychrome solutions of the architectonic order in the concept of the Baroque fa&ccedil;ade. The ancient principles of designing architectural structures, inherited from the Renaissance were subjected to reinterpretations in order to impart different expressive values. The arrangements of fa&ccedil;ades, initially balanced or even horizontal, were replaced by ambiguous bivalent compositions. Vertical layouts began to dominate in the Baroque. Appropriately selected polychrome of the elements of the order could emphasize the compositional expression. The relationship between the layout of the polychrome in a given architectural order and the expression of a work of art has been established for quite a long time. However, the generally available data on color schemes of architectural structures in baroque buildings are still not fully organized. The paper analyses examples of Baroque fa&ccedil;ades preserved in their original state and revalorized in recent years after thorough conservator&rsquo;s research in the field of architecture and color. The examples are mainly designed in the so-called great order, i.e. pertaining largely to church fa&ccedil;ades. In the Baroque, the vertical direction of the composition was strongly emphasized by multiplying or applying perspective arrangements of supports, and finally by embattled entablatures. The decisive field of change became the shaping of the coloristic decoration of the entablature &ndash; decisions regarding the material and color separation of elements of the frieze above the supports. The uniform color of all vertical elements of the fa&ccedil;ade structure guaranteed an unambiguous verticality of the composition.

Interspeaker variation in the negated perfective aspect of Zamboanga Chavacano

Framed from four perspectives, (1) Schütze & Curbach (2019), grammaticality judgment and linguistic methodology; (2) Mcwhorter’s (2011), description of the complexity of creoles as flourishing over time from an original state; (3) Steinkruger (2013), explanation of negated sentences in the perfective aspect; and (4) Lee (2005), delineation of native speakers of a language, this research paper looked into the combination of the negator nohay and the perfective aspect markers ya and yan (ya man) in the sentence. A negated sentence with a perfective aspect is a structure that seems to be accepted by some native speakers of Chavacano (or Chabacano) but rejected by others. In the literature, only Steinkruger (2013), describes the permissibility of the forenamed combination in the syntactic structure of Chavacano. It was hypothesized that such a combination is acceptable in Chavacano and that there is an interspeaker variation pertinent to its acceptability. To confirm these hypotheses, data were collected via grammaticality judgment from 105 native Chavacano speakers and another set of data were collected via interview from 10 native speakers of Chavacano for corroborative purposes.

Determining Action Reversibility in STRIPS Using Answer Set and Epistemic Logic Programming

In the context of planning and reasoning about actions and change, we call an action reversible when its effects can be reverted by applying other actions, returning to the original state. Renewed interest in this area has led to several results in the context of the PDDL language, widely used for describing planning tasks. In this paper, we propose several solutions to the computational problem of deciding the reversibility of an action. In particular, we leverage an existing translation from PDDL to Answer Set Programming (ASP), and then use several different encodings to tackle the problem of action reversibility for the STRIPS fragment of PDDL. For these, we use ASP, as well as Epistemic Logic Programming (ELP), an extension of ASP with epistemic operators, and compare and contrast their strengths and weaknesses.