scholarly journals On Interpretation of Kočidyk-Crutches Used by the Population of the Upper Ob River Region in the Early Iron Age

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 90-99
Author(s):  
N. N. Golovchenko
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Historical Interpretation ◽  
Ob River ◽  
River Region ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
The Right

Purpose. The work is devoted to functional, ceremonial and cultural-historical interpretation of the so-called kočidykcrutches often found at the sites belonging to various cultures of the steppe belt of Eurasia and popular during the Early Iron Age. The aim of our study is to describe different interpretations of this group of finds. We considered the accumulated historiographical experience and also tried to model experimentally the functional use of the artifacts analyzed. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the possibility of referring to these materials from the point of view of the hypothesis of multiculturalism. We discuss a number of variants how to reconstruct the functional use of this category of finds. In particular, the crutches considered could have been used as suspensions and as belt fasteners. Results. We noticed that regardless of the sex of the buried people, the location of the crutches in graves is the same, i. e. they are found on the right or left side, at least two on the femur or pelvic bones of the skeleton if the buried person had a belt and it was buttoned, and on the chest, knees or feet, if the belt was unbuttoned and was lying along the body. The crutches can either be a part of the complex, or the only element of the waist fittings that indirectly points to a certain self–sufficiency of crutches as a part of the burial shroud. There are controversial interpretations of the ceremonial meaning of the artifacts. Based on the hypothesis of multiculturalism of the population of the Upper Ob River region during the Early Iron Age, we provide some new cultural and historical interpretations of the crutches. A variety of types of crutches confirms the assumption that within the existence of the subject complex of clothing worn by the population of the Upper Ob River region in the second half of the I Millennium BC, there were clear signs of innovations. Conclusion. Studying the range of issues associated with the interpretation of crutches remains a relevant and promising task in archaeological research. Further accumulation of material and its understanding in a broader rather than narrow territorial context might allow us to identify the centers of distribution of certain types of crutches and the processes of their trans cultural incorporation into the traditional use by the population of the Upper Ob River region in the Early Iron Age.

scholarly journals Bracelets in funerary monuments population of the Upper Ob River Region of the Early Iron Age

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
N. N. Golovchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Funerary Monuments ◽  
Ob River ◽  
River Region

The article is devoted to the systematization of metal wrist jewelry-bracelets originating from the funerary monuments of the population of the Upper Ob River region of the Early |Iron Age. The typology of bracelets is proposed, based on the traditional approach for Russian archaeologists. The reconstruction of rope bracelets based on the topography of the detection of single beads at the wrists of the buried is discussed. Gender, social, cultural and semantic characteristics of bracelets are given. Their status and symbolic functions are determined.

scholarly journals Structural and technical characteristics of the fortification system of the Dikaya Yama hillfort of the Early Iron Age in the Middle Tobol River area

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
S.V. Berlina ◽  
S.I. Tsembalyuk ◽  
A.S. Yakimov
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Frame Structure ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Wooden Frame ◽  
River Region ◽  
Junc Tion ◽  
Pillar Structure

The paper reports the results of the studies of the fortification system of the Early Iron Age Dikaya Yama hill-fort situated in the Middle Tobol River region of the Western Siberian forest-steppe zone. The hillfort was built by the population of the Sargatka Culture, and it is dated to the 3rd c. BC — 1st c. AD. The defence lines at the junc-tion of two adjacent fortified platforms have been studied. It has been determined that the earthwork of the first platform was built up from turfen blocks; the presence of traces of postholes suggests that the earthwork was reinforced with a wooden-frame wall — a wattle fence. The ditch between the platforms had a trapezoidal shape with the size of 3.2–4 m of the upper part and 1.2–1.6 m of the lower part. The soil from the ditch was placed into the mound of the rampart of the second platform. The mathematical analysis of the volume of earth making the mound of the rampart allowed establishing its height of 2.0 m. Analysis of the stratigraphy and planigraphy re-vealed the remains of a frame structure set on the rampart. The wattle fence on top of the rampart and the para-pet along it have been reconstructed. Moreover, there have been identified the remains of a frame-and-pillar structure installed into the body of the rampart, which was aimed to strengthen the mound and prevent untimely slipping. A graphic reconstruction of the appearance of the fortifications existed on the studied site has been cre-ated. Carcass fortifications of the wattle fence type, a wall constructed in “zaplot” technique, set on the rampart, have analogies in the Early Iron Age hillforts of the Tobol-Irtysh interfluve: Kolovskoe, Rafailovskoe, Ak-Tau, and Pavlinovo. There existed a tradition of mounting a palisade into a ditch-trench — such structures have been re-corded at the hillforts of Borovushka, Likhachevskoe, Bochanetskoe, Inberen 4 and Rozanovo, Mar'ino Ushchel'ye 4 and Malo-Kazakbaevskoe. The fortification system of the hillfort of Dikaya Yama, which, structurally, is represented by the earthwork ramparts on top of which there were mounted wooden walls in the technique of the wattle fence, is consistent with the traditional scheme of the fortifications of the Early Iron Age population. The question of simultaneous or sequential building of the platforms of the hillfort will be addressed in future work. However, the unified planning solution in organizing forms of the fortification structures implies, in our opinion, preliminary design of the whole settlement and its construction at one time.

Nomads and the Shaping of Central Asia: from the Early Iron Age to the Kushan period

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLAUDE RAPIN
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Constant Factor ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
History Of

This chapter examines the role of the nomads in shaping the history of Central Asia during the period from the early Iron Age to the rule of the Kushan Empire. This study is based on the archaeological and chronological framework provided for the middle Zerafshan Valley by the site of Koktepe. The findings suggest that the nomads are a constant factor in the history of the steppe belt and of all the adjacent southern lands, and that they may have played an important role in the renewal of cultures and in the development of international trade.

scholarly journals Review of the Monograph: Likhacheva O.S. Weaponry and warfare of the population of the Forest-Steppe Altai in the Early Iron Age (8th–1st centuries B.C.). Barnaul: Publ. IP I. A. Kolmogorov, 2020. 320 p. ISBN 978-5-91556-710-7

2021 ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
N.N. Golovchenko
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Short Range ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Topic Area ◽  
Different Types

The paper presents a review on a monograph by O.S. Likhacheva, concerned with the analysis of different types of weapons and reconstruction of some aspects of the warfare of the tribes of the Forest-Steppe Altai in the 8th–1st centuries B.C., which contains a representative album of illustrations, including photographs and drawings of artifacts, artistic interpretations of weapons and images of warriors, made by the author. O.S. Likhacheva carried out a meticulous analysis of numerous categories of weapons and their fragments. However, in the opinion of the author of this review, for a considerable part of the presented inventory there is a lack of context description of the finds in the ceremonial burial complexes. This leads to the description of the votive weapons as combative, ceremonially broken items as intact, and fragmentary separate armor-clad plates as a complete armor suit. Certain selectivity of the author in writing the historiography section narrows the attention of the researcher on only one region under consideration, thus ignoring the trans-cultural nature of some types of the weapons of short-range and long-range combat among the nomads of the Central Asia in the 8th–1st centuries B.C., as well as the body of the material from the monuments of the Novosibirsk Ob region which fit in the topic area of the research. The author recommends the book of O.S. Likhacheva to all interested in the history and archaeology of Altai Krai and Upper Ob region.

scholarly journals Denis Topal, The specificity of the Scythian panoply of the Lower Danube

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-110
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Main Type ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Danube Region ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
The Right ◽  
Archaeological Landscape

The archaeological landscape of the Lower Danube was changing with the importance of the Danube itself, which either became, or a cultural water¬shed, or an artery, connecting the ancient communities. In the Early Iron Age, it seems that the Danube did not become an invincible barrier for the spread of offensive weapons of Scythian origin. Moreover, Dobruja itself looks like a ter-ritory mastered by the Scythians, starting from the Archaic period. The Lower Danube group forms a separate “steppe” cultural assemblage together with the Lower Dniester, South Carpathian and South Danube groups, for which the spear became the main type of weapon. However, these preferences were re¬flected in the morphology of the Scythian akinakes. So, for this steppe or Dan-ube enclave, swords are more characteristic than daggers. Daggers are connected mainly with the forest-steppe part of the Carpathian-Dniester region and Transylvania. The warrior graves of the Lower Danube region mainly belong to the Classical Scythian period, while the only exception is related to the right bank of the Lower Danube. However, there are no burials with akinakai and even stray finds in Classical time outside the steppe.

scholarly journals Osteological complexes of the Bronze to Iron Age transitional period, and the Early Iron Age, in the hillfort of Maray 1 (Ishim River region)

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
S.I. Tsembalyuk ◽  
A.V. Kisagulov ◽  
А.Е. Nekrasov
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Wild Fauna ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Modern Bird ◽  
River Region ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The article deals with osteological complexes of the Maray 1 hillfort located in the forest-steppe area of the Ishim River region. The research materials were obtained from the excavations carried out in 2010 and 2019. The main periods of the site habitation recorded for the hillfort are the early chronological horizon represented by the settlement of the Krasnoozerka Culture of the Bronze to Iron Age transitional period (9th–7th c. BC), and the late cultural layer which is marked by the hillfort of the beginning of the Early Iron Age, left by the population of the Baitovo Culture (4th–2nd c. BC). From each layer associated with different periods of the site habitation, archaeo-zoological collections have been selected. The purpose of this work is to determine the type of economy of the Maray 1 population during the two major habitation phases. The essential research materials comprised of oste-ological collections obtained from the Krasnoozerka and Baitovo layers. The research technique included bone determinations based on comparison with the reference skeletal collections from the Museum of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Yekaterinburg), using anatomy atlases [Gromova, 1950]. Determination of subfossil bird bones was carried out in the same institute, and it in-cluded comparison of the bones from the settlement with the reference osteological collection of modern bird spe-cies. The species attribution was based on morphological structure of the bones and their fragments. The oste-ological collection of the Maray 1 hillfort is stored in the Museum under No. 2361. Analysis of the species compo-sition of osteological complexes from the two main habitation periods allowed distinguishing domestic and wild animals, including birds. The proportions of the number of bones and representatives of domestic and wild fauna have been analyzed. In the Krasnoozerka Culture materials, significant predominance of wild animal bones has been determined, which suggests that the economy of the Krasnoozerka settlement was dominated by the appropri-ating activities with a significant role of hunting (mainly elk). In the Baitovo layer, bones of domestic animals signifi-cantly prevail over those of wild fauna, suggesting that the economy was based on producing sectors.

scholarly journals THE SETTLEMENT OF THE EARLY IRON AGE NEAR S. IVANIVKA IN TYASMYN REGION

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-250
Author(s):  
O. D. Mogylov ◽  
S. V. Rudenko
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
River Region ◽  
Scythian Period

The article is devoted to the publication of the materials of the settlement of the Early Iron Age near Ivanivka in the Tyasmyn river region. Archaeological reconnaissance here revealed the emergence of cultural strata, represented by animal bones, ceramic moldings and imported antique utensils, arrowheads, pins. The materials date back to the pre-Scythian and Scythian period: VIII—IV centuries BC.

scholarly journals A relutância das populações rurais às influências orientalizantes do 1º milénio a.C.: Evidências zooarqueológicas na margem direita do médio Guadiana, Portugal

2018 ◽  
pp. 53-65
Author(s):  
Mariana Nabais ◽  
Claudia Costa ◽  
Rui Mataloto ◽  
Manuel Calado
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Faunal Assemblages ◽  
Animal Management ◽  
Rural Sites ◽  
The Right ◽  
Modelo Económico

As intervenções arqueológicas em várias ocupações rurais datadas do 1º milénio a.C. na margem direita do curso médio do rio Guadiana, em Portugal, levadas a cabo no âmbito do plano de salvaguarda da Barragem de Alqueva, permitiram a recolha de cinco conjuntos zooarqueológicos provenientes da Rocha do Vigio 2, Espinhaço de Cão 1, Monte dos Musgos 10, Malhada dos Gagos 13 e Malhada das Mimosas 2. O estudo arqueofaunístico demonstrou uma marcada dependência dos animais domésticos, como o gado bovino e ovino/caprino. A actividade cinegética está presente no Bronze Final, mas mal documentada nos momentos mais antigos da Idade do Ferro, para de novo emergir no final do 1º milénio a.C. Ainda que os vestígios marinhos estejam ausentes dos conjuntos estudados, estes deveriam ser conhecidos e utilizados pela população que, no início da Idade Ferro, parece manter contactos com o litoral, como indicado pela presença de moluscos e peixes marinhos em alguns dos sítios, como no Castro da Azougada. Os conjuntos faunísticos estudados inserem-se num modelo económico rural de subsistência e de gestão animal característico dos momentos anteriores aos contactos orientalizantes e que parecem perdurar até ao dealbar da romanização. The reluctance of rural populations to foreign influences in the 1st millennium B.C.: Zooarchaeological evidences from the right side of the middle-course of the river Guadiana, PortugalRescue archaeological works conducted in several rural sites dated from the 1st millennium BC in the right bank of the middle-course of river Guadiana, Portugal, motivated by the construction of the Alqueva Dam, allowed the recovery of five zooarchaeological assemblages from Rocha do Vigio 2, Espinhaço de Cão 1, Monte dos Musgos 10, Malhada dos Gagos 13 and Malhada das Mimosas 2. The zooarchaeological study of such assemblages showed a strong dependence on domestic animals, such as cattle and ovicaprines. Hunting practices were identified in the Late Bronze Age, but they were rarely recognised in the Early Iron Age. However, hunting becomes more frequent by the end of the 1st millennium BC. Despite the absence of marine resources within the studied faunal assemblages, they should have been known and used, considering that contacts with the littoral were kept since the Early Iron Age, as shown by the presence of marine molluscs and marine fishes in sites such as Castro da Azougada. The zooarchaeological assemblages here presented are part of an economic model of rural subsistence and animal management that are typical of the moments prior to oriental influence, and that seem to last until the beginning of Romanization.

scholarly journals Dea Dardanica: pre-rimska plemenska boginja ili rimska imperijalna tvorevina?

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir D. Mihajlović
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Constructivist Theory ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Collective Identification ◽  
Roman Imperialism ◽  
Literary Sources

The text problematizes the interpretation of Dea Dardanica, a religious phenomenon from the period of the Roman Empire, conceived from the traditional perspective as a kind of ethno-tribal deity of Dardania and the Dardanians. By pointing out that the earlier approaches have been based upon the concept of ethnic determinism, the paper indicates the problems inherent in the interpretation of Dardania/the Dardanians as an ethno-tribal entity continuously existing from the Early Iron Age to the Roman times. From the point of view of the constructivist theory of identity, critical approach to literary sources, interpretation of classical narratives on “the Barbarians” as an imagological constructs, and understanding of the Roman imperialism as a “global” network, the author offers new conclusions on the collective identification of the Dardanians and the character of the cult of Dea Dardanica.

Between Phrygia and Cilicia: the Porsuk area at the beginning of the Iron Age

1999 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 61-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Sophie Crespin
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Taurus Mountains ◽  
Anatolian Plateau

Porsuk is strategically situated in the northern foothills of the Taurus mountains (see map, fig 1), controlling one of the most important passes between Cilicia and the Anatolian plateau. It seems that this area, which was in the sphere of Hittite culture during the Late Bronze Age, turns towards the southern regions of Cilicia during Porsuk period IV. We shall firstly re-examine the evidence for the Early Iron Age at Porsuk in the light of recent discoveries from a number of other sites. We will then examine evidence that might demonstrate relations between Porsuk IV and Cilicia.During subsequent centuries the situation seems to revert to that pertaining in the LBA: relations with the plateau tend to become more intense. From this point of view, we shall have a look at the Phrygian problem. Does this zone become a Phrygian protectorate with the rise of the Gordion state? Or are the exchanges between them only commercial or diplomatic? We shall try to give a preliminary shape to a possible answer by investigating the so-called ‘Phrygian’ evidence.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document