ANÁLISIS LOCACIONAL DEL YACIMIENTO PALEOLÍTICO DE COVA EIRÓS (TRIACASTELA, LUGO)

In this paper, we deal with the locational analysis of the Cova Eirós site (Triacastela, Lugo), occupied from the Middle Palaeolithic to the present. From GIS and statistics, we intend to approach those environmental factors that define its importance as a place of occupation over time and on a recurring basis. Once we have analysed the variables that characterize the site’s patterns of use, we have verified that Cova Eirós is an important, prominent and strategic point. The place is very close to the potential transit routes and has great visibility. It is also protected and set on a steep slope. Moreover, the site has hunting resources and raw materials sources nearby. So it is a settlement that presents ideal living conditions for hunter-gatherer groups.

PIRATARIA FLUVIAL NA SERRA DO ESPIGÃO: DIVISÓRIA DOS RIOS URUGUAI E IGUAÇU-AMÉRICA DO SUL

Stream capture is a drainage rearrangement where a flux transference occurs and a contribution area from a drainage basin is incorporated to another. It is about expanding a river system over another one, caused by erosive advantage earned by conditioning factors such as lithostructure, pluviometric regime, topographic gradient, and base level. However, in the southern region of Brazil, a rare dynamic of stream piracy was verified between the drainage basins of the Uruguay and Iguazu (Paraná) rivers. Stream captures were observed along the Serra of Espigão, part of the drainage divide between the two basins. Still, it was not possible to identify which basin was advancing over the other. This paper investigated the occurrence of stream captures, identifying which factors are responsible for this atypical stream dynamic. Mapping the stream captures by remote sensing and further validation with fieldwork, it was verified that there is stream piracy for both sides of the drainage divide. Still, it is not clear which basin is behaving more aggressively. A longitudinal profile analysis of the channels involved in the stream captures showed a local control in the drainage network. This control sets a local base level to the Iguazu river tributaries. It indicates the lithostructural limit between two different geological units: the Serra Geral group basalts and the Botucatu formation sandstones. Depending on the geographic location of this base level, channels that drain to the Iguazu (Paraná) river become more aggressive or less aggressive than the ones that drain to the Uruguai basin, and so they capture or lose area for the other basin. Therefore, it is impossible to identify a river basin that exclusively pirates the other, prevailing, in this case, a mutual competition between the Uruguai and Iguazu (Paraná) rivers basins. This fact highlights the significance of local base levels to promote stream capture processes.

AVALIAÇÃO DAS CONSEQUÊNCIAS DO GALGAMENTO COSTEIRO DE 10/11 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2013 NA FRENTE URBANA DO CONCE-LHO DE SANTA CRUZ, ILHA DA MADEIRA

The expansion and consolidation of urban areas along the coast lead to the exposure of a large number of anthropic elements to sea storm events. It is with the aim of identifying and classifying the consequences of coastal overtopping that we analyse the recent storm surge of 10/11 December of 2013 which affected the urban coastal fringe of the city of Santa Cruz, on the south coast of Madeira Island. Therefore, the atmospheric conditions of wind intensity and atmospheric pressure are analysed and is characterised the direction of the waves and their maximum height, as well as the tide variation. After the oceanographic and meteorological characterization, it´s identified and evaluated the structural damage on the coastal zone and classified the functional consequences on the port structures affected by overtopping. The quantitative analysis of atmospheric and oceanographic data supports that this overtopping is a green water type resulting from an extratropical storm arising from the rapid reduction of atmospheric pressure and an average wind velocity of 30 km/h, affecting approximately 1600 meters of the coastal area of Santa Cruz. The qualitative analysis of the consequences shows that the port structures suffered severe to catastrophic consequences and dysfunction of their normal activities. The most affected areas are at the extremes of the urban front, registering reduced to insignificant consequences, in the intermediate area. Thus, it shows areas of greatest exposure, and areas that had presented seriously to severe damages, which can be highlighted in future episodes.

Árvores Monumentais: análise comparativa da legislação nacional e europeia relativa à proteção e valorização deste património natural

Resumo: Atendendo à inexistência de legislação comunitária europeia, relativa à proteção das árvores monumentais, procurou-se conhecer a realidade legislativa, em vinte e três países do continente europeu. Assim, procedeu-se à análise comparativa da legislação sobre as árvores monumentais e dos critérios de classificação deste arvoredo, com base nas figuras de proteção legal existentes. Os países foram selecionados com base nos contactos internacionais estabelecidos e na pesquisa desenvolvida, considerando a sua distribuição geográfica. Atendendo à heterogeneidade da legislação existente, a mesma foi agrupada consoante o tipo de proteção jurídica em vigor. Procedeu-se, ainda, à identificação dos critérios mais representativos de classificação do arvoredo alvo de proteção por legislação, anotando-se oito classes, onde se destacam os critérios de longevidade associados a valores histórico e culturais. Foram, igualmente, analisados os inventários online existentes, em cada um dos países da amostra, tendo-se verificado a importância que estes catálogos assumem no reconhecimento público destas árvores, por vezes, monitorizadas durante décadas. O estudo contribuiu para alargar a reflexão sobre a importância que as árvores monumentais assumem a nível natural, como também para as comunidades, enquanto memória individual e coletiva do legado histórico, cultural ou paisagístico que representam. Permitiu, ainda, refletir sobre a importância que a legislação assume na preservação e salvaguarda atual e futura deste património. Palavras-chave: árvores antigas, árvores de interesse público, legislação, critérios de monumentalidade, pesquisa comparada. Abstract: Monumental Trees: comparative analysis of national and European legislation regarding the protection and enhancement of this natural heritageGiven the lack of European Community legislation on the protection of monumental trees, sought to know the legislative reality in twenty-three countries of the European continent. Thus, we proceeded to the comparative analysis of the legislation on monumental trees and the classification criteria of this grove, based on the existing legal protection figures. Countries were selected based on established international contacts and research developed considering their geographical distribution. Given the heterogeneity of existing legislation, it was grouped according to the type of legal protection in force. We also proceeded to identify the most representative criteria for the classification of trees under protection by legislation, noting eight classes, highlighting the longevity criteria associated with historical and cultural values. Existing online inventories were also analyzed in each of the sample countries, and the importance of these catalogs in the public recognition of these trees, sometimes monitored for decades, was verified. This study has contributed to a broader reflection on the importance that monumental trees assume on a natural level, as well as for communities, as an individual and collective memory of the historical, cultural or landscape legacy they represent. It also allowed to reflect on the importance that the legislation assumes in the preservation and current and future safeguard of this heritage. Keywords: trees of public interest, legislation, criteria of monumentality, comparative research

Estudio epigráfico y arqueométrico de la placa funeraria de Cela (Mos, Pontevedra): nuevas propuestas de interpretación.

Resumen: La epigrafía en Galicia es abundante y conocida, pero la aplicación de estudios interdisciplinares y nuevas metodologías analíticas puede proporcionar una rica información que matice e incremente la información presente en estas piezas. El caso de la placa funeraria de mármol localizada en Cela (Mos, Pontevedra) es un excepcional ejemplo de las múltiples posibilidades que tiene el estudio arqueométrico del soporte. Así, la identificación del material empleado como mármol procedente del Anticlinal de Estremoz (Portugal) y la reinterpretación epigráfica realizada, introducen nuevos elementos para la lectura histórica-arqueológica de esta pieza y consecuentemente de su significado en el contexto de la arqueología romana en el NW Peninsular. Palabras claves: Mármol del Anticlinal de Estremoz, epigrafía funeraria romana, importación, reuso, Gallaecia. Abstract: Epigraphic and archaeometric study of the Roman funerary plaque of Cela (Mos, Pontevedra): new approach to its interpretationGalician epigraphy is a large corpus of well-known materials. Nevertheless, the application of interdisciplinary studies and new analytical methods can provide new and rich data to increase the range of information we obtain from them. The case of the funerary plaque found at Cela(Mos, Pontevedra) is an exceptional example of the different possibilities that an archaeometricalstudyof the epigraphic medium can offer.In this case, the identification of the marble employed as coming from the EstremozAnticline (Portugal) and the epigraphicalreview, provide new aspects for the historical interpretation of this piece, and, consequently a new contribution to the Roman archaeology of the NW Iberian Peninsula. Key-words: Marble of the Estremoz Anticline, Roman funerary epigraphy, imports, reuse, Gallaecia.

Eventos Neocenozoicos de reorganização de rede de drenagem: um paleovale do Rio das Velhas (Minas Gerais, Brasil) em seu médio curso?

Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar e discutir indícios de processos de reorganização da rede de drenagem na média bacia do Rio das Velhas resultantes da reconfiguração de seu vale principal. Nesse sentido, diversos depósitos fluviais foram identificados, descritos e, alguns, datados por Luminescência Opticamente Estimulada (LOE). Os resultados sugerem que a descontextualização de um conjunto de depósitos fluviais em cotas superiores e topos de colinas e a existência de anomalias na organização da rede de drenagem nesse trecho seriam resultantes da mudança do traçado do canal principal do Rio das Velhas no Quaternário Superior. Palavras-chave: Níveis deposicionais fluviais; Luminescência Opticamente Estimulada; Evolução de rede hidrográfica. Abstract: Neocenozic events of drainage network reorganization: a paleovalley of the Velhas River (Minas Gerais, Brazil) in its middle course?This paper aimed to present and discuss clues of reorganization processes of the drainage network in the middle Velhas River catchment resulting from the reconfiguration of its main valley. In this sense, several fluvial deposits were identified, described and, some, dated by Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL). The results suggest that the decontextualization of a set of fluvial deposits in higher elevations and tops of hills, as well as the existence of anomalies in the organization of the drainage network in this stretch would results of the change of the main channel of the Velhas River during the Late Quaternary. Keywords: Fluvial depositional levels; Optically Stimulated Luminescence; Evolution of hydrographic network

Cuatro ‘Botijuelas’ recuperadas en el Noroeste de Iberia. Procesos de manufactura y reutilización

Resumen: La botijuela, “anforeta de Indias” o “olive jar” es un recipiente cerámico de época moderna y contemporánea, de distribución planetaria y vinculada originalmente al comercio marítimo ibérico, empleado como transporte de alimentos, siendo reutilizado frecuentemente y utilizado de diversas formas que no tienen relación con su uso primario. En Galicia se empiezan a documentar con cierta frecuencia estos recipientes pero todavía no se ha realizado ningún estudio sobre las mismas. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados del análisis arqueométrico de cuatro vasijas (tomografía, mineralogía y composición elemental), procedentes de colecciones particulares gallegas, tras haber realizado sobre las mismas un estudio tipológico y formal, y de cara a profundizar en su manufactura, procedencia y cronología (ésta última a partir de la comparación tipológica). Palabras clave: Chaîne opératoire, DRX, FRX, TAC, época moderna. Abstract: Four ‘Botijuelas' recovered in the Northwest of Iberia. Processes of manufacture and reuseThe “anforeta de Indias”, “botijuela” or “olive jar” is a ceramic container of modern and contemporary period, of planetary distribution and linked originally to the Iberian maritime trade, to transport foods. These items were recycled frequently and used with no relation with his primary use. In Galicia these containers are documented frequently but there is not a complete study about then. In this work we present the results of the archaeometric analysis of four vessels (tomography, mineralogy and elementary composition), after having made on the same a typological and formal study, to deep on his manufacture, chronology and origin. keywords: Chaîne opératoire, DRX, FRX, TAC, Early modern period.

The Fragment, The Half, and The Whole: approaching pottery and fauna depositions in Pit 50 of Perdigões enclosure (first half of the 3rd millennium BC)

This paper presents the sequence of depositions inside Pit 50 of Perdigões ditched enclosure, dating from the first half of the 3rd millennium BC, and discusses the patterning that emerges from the detailed analysis of the distribution and levels of integrity of pottery and faunal remains along the infilling sequence. It is argued that these patterns are intentional and incorporate metaphorical meanings. Some interpretative hypothesis are put forward, taking in consideration the global scenario provided by Perdigões enclosure, from which this particular context recursively retrieves and provides significance. keywords: Structured depositions, Pottery depositions, Faunal depositions, Chalcolithic, Perdigões. Resumo: O Fragmento, A Metade e O Todo: aproximação às deposições de cerâmica e fauna da Fossa 50 do recinto dos Perdigões (primeira metade do 3º milénio AC).Este artigo apresenta a sequência de deposições no interior da Fossa 50 do recinto de fossos dos Perdigões, datada da primeira metade do 3º milénio AC, e discute o padrão que emerge de uma análise detalhada da distribuição e níveis de integralidade da cerâmica e restos faunísticos ao longo da sequência. Algumas hipóteses interpretativas são avançadas, tendo em consideração o cenário global proporcionado pelos Perdigões, do qual este contexto específico recursivamente retira e providencia sentido. Palavras-chave: deposições estruturadas, deposições cerâmicas, deposições faunísticas, Calcolítico, Perdigões

Grandes capturas fluviais no Brasil: síntese das novas descobertas

Capturas fluviais foram pouco investigadas no Brasil e apenas recentemente essa situação se alterou e sua ocorrência e feições correlatas foram sistematicamente estudadas para as grandes bacias fluviais não Amazônicas. Esse artigo sintetiza os principais resultados obtidos nos últimos cinco anos e apresenta a diversidade de magnitude e morfológica em seis capturas fluviais ao longo de quatro divisores entre as principais bacias hidrográficas do Brasil. Os resultados indicam que o nível de base, seguido da litoestrutura e da tectônica, constituem os fatores determinantes para ocorrência desses processos. Indicam ainda que as bacias hidrográficas atlânticas estão pirateando áreas das ditas continentais – Paraná e São Francisco – e que essa pirataria acelera o recuo erosivo do escarpamento da margem passiva sul-americana. Por fim, determinaram que as capturas causam a dissecação da rede de drenagem capturada, invertem o fluxo dos canais logo a jusante e, por fim, promovem o rebaixamento geral do relevo pirateado. Large fluvial captures in Brazil: synthesis of new discoveriesRiver captures have barely been studied in Brazil, and only recently the process and correlated features have been systematically studied for non-Amazonian major river basins. This paper synthesizes the main results obtained for the last five years and presents the diversity in magnitude and morphology of six river captures along the four divider of Brazilian-major river basins. The results indicate that the base level, followed by the lithostructure and tectonics, are the determining factors for the occurrence of these processes. They also indicate that the Atlantic basins are pirating areas of the continental ones - Paraná and São Francisco - and that this piracy accelerates the erosive retreat of the South American passive margin escarpment. Finally, they determined that the captures cause the dissection of the drainage network, invert the flow of the channels shortly downstream, and finally, promote the general lowering of the pirated relief. Keywords: River capture, Brazil, Major Basin Dividers, Fluvial Channel.

“Gentes” do 4º e 3º milénios AC: Os restos ósseos humanos do neolítico final/calcolítico recuperados das grutas artificiais 1 e 2 de São Paulo (Almada, Portugal)

As grutas artificiais 1 e 2 de São Paulo (Almada) foram utilizadas como sepulcros colectivos durante os 4º e 3º milénios AC. Ainda que ambas se encontrassem destruídas, particularmente a gruta 1, a análise do espólio ósseo humano recuperado permitiu inferências relevantes sobre os indivíduos ali depositados, particularmente para a gruta 2.Na gruta 1, foram contabilizados um número mínimo de 7 indivíduos, incluindo 3 não adultos. Entre estes últimos, estão incluídos indivíduos que terão falecido com cerca de 4, 5 e 10 anos. A escassez do material ósseo e a sua fraca preservação não permitiram mais inferências. Um número mínimo de 255 indivíduos foi identificado na gruta 2, incluindo indivíduos de ambos os sexos e de várias faixas etárias. Diversos indicadores morfológicos, como o achatamento dos fémures ( =76.7; n=56) e o ângulo do colo femoral (125.75º) sugerem uma elevada mobilidade para estes indivíduos. A sua estatura média é de 158.7 (n=28) obtida com base no 2º metatarsiano, inserindo-se nos valores obtidos para séries coevas. Destaca-se ainda a frequência de dois ossículos supranumerários do pé, o calcaneum secundarium e os trigonum, observados, respectivamente, em 12% e 9.3% dos calcâneos (n=67) e talus (n=86) recuperados. No âmbito da análise paleopatológica sobressai a presença de três indivíduos adultos com sinais de trepanação e casos de patologia congénita na coluna vertebral e nos ossos do pé. "People" from the 4th and 3rd Millenia AC: The Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic human remains recovered from the Artificial Caves 1 and 2 of São Paulo (Almada, Portugal).The artificial caves 1 and 2 of São Paulo (Almada) were used as collective burials between the 4th and the 3rd millennia. Although both were seriously destroyed, particularly cave 1, the analysis of the human remains allowed important insights on the exhumed individuals. In cave 1 there are 7 individuals, including 3 non-adults, whose age at death is around 4, 5 and 10 years old. The fragmentary state of the remains did not allow further inferences.The human remains exhumed from cave 2 correspond to a minimum of 255 individuals of both sexes. This series includes 123 non-adults (under 15 years old at death). Morphological data, such as the flatness of femurs, ( =76.7; n=56) and the femoral neck-shaft angle (125.75º) suggest high mobility of these individuals. The high frequency of two accessory foot bones, calcaneum secundarium (12%; n=67) and os trigonum (9.3%; n=86)) has to be highlighted. Among the pathologies observed, three cases of trepanations in adult individuals and congenital pathologies in the spine and foot bones are worth noticing. Keywords: Artificial caves 1 and 2 of São Paulo; Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic; Mobility; trepanations, congenital pathologies.