scholarly journals A 3D-Printed Open Access Photoreactor Designed for Versatile Applications in Photoredox- & Photoelectrochemical Synthesis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Schiel ◽  
Christoph Peinsipp ◽  
Stefan Kornigg ◽  
Dietrich Böse
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Photochemical Reactions ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Fast Reaction ◽  
Thermoelectric Coolers ◽  
Reaction Optimization ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Reaction Vessels

Most published photochemical reactions are still not performed under standardized conditions. It is well known that the control of light intensity, the exact reaction temperature and other parameters are crucial for the success of a photochemical reaction. However, for most reactions reported in the literature, these parameters are not precisely controlled and recorded. As a result, the reproduction of these reactions is difficult and the progress in the field of photoredox chemistry is hampered by this limitation. To address this problem, a 3D-printed photoreactor was designed which can be easily replicated with a small number of inexpensive and easily available components. Equipped with thermoelectric coolers, the reactor can access and precisely control the temperature in the range of -17 °C to 80 °C, while reactions under high-intensity irradiation are performed with LED lamps from Kessil or HepatoChem. The practical design of the vial holder allows a versatile use of different reaction vessels - in addition to fast reaction optimization with up to eight vials simultaneously, upscaling in batch and flow is easily possible. Due to the high light intensity, the catalyst loading can be reduced to 0.1 mol% for large-scale reactions. The flexibility of the vial holder is demonstrated by combining IKA’s ElectraSyn 2.0 with the photoreactor to perform photoelectrochemical reactions in a reproducible manner.<br>

scholarly journals A 3D-Printed Open Access Photoreactor Designed for Versatile Applications in Photoredox- & Photoelectrochemical Synthesis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Schiel ◽  
Christoph Peinsipp ◽  
Stefan Kornigg ◽  
Dietrich Böse
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Photochemical Reactions ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Fast Reaction ◽  
Thermoelectric Coolers ◽  
Reaction Optimization ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Reaction Vessels

Most published photochemical reactions are still not performed under standardized conditions. It is well known that the control of light intensity, the exact reaction temperature and other parameters are crucial for the success of a photochemical reaction. However, for most reactions reported in the literature, these parameters are not precisely controlled and recorded. As a result, the reproduction of these reactions is difficult and the progress in the field of photoredox chemistry is hampered by this limitation. To address this problem, a 3D-printed photoreactor was designed which can be easily replicated with a small number of inexpensive and easily available components. Equipped with thermoelectric coolers, the reactor can access and precisely control the temperature in the range of -17 °C to 80 °C, while reactions under high-intensity irradiation are performed with LED lamps from Kessil or HepatoChem. The practical design of the vial holder allows a versatile use of different reaction vessels - in addition to fast reaction optimization with up to eight vials simultaneously, upscaling in batch and flow is easily possible. Due to the high light intensity, the catalyst loading can be reduced to 0.1 mol% for large-scale reactions. The flexibility of the vial holder is demonstrated by combining IKA’s ElectraSyn 2.0 with the photoreactor to perform photoelectrochemical reactions in a reproducible manner.<br>

scholarly journals A 3D-Printed Open Access Photoreactor Designed for Versatile Applications in Photoredox- & Photoelectrochemical Synthesis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Schiel ◽  
Christoph Peinsipp ◽  
Stefan Kornigg ◽  
Dietrich Böse
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Photochemical Reactions ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Fast Reaction ◽  
Thermoelectric Coolers ◽  
Practical Design ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Reaction Vessels

Most published photochemical reactions are still not performed under standardized conditions. It is well known that the control of light intensity, the exact reaction temperature and other parameters are crucial for the success of a photochemical reaction. However, for most reactions reported in the literature, these parameters are not precisely controlled and recorded. As a result, the reproduction of these reactions is difficult and the progress in the field of photoredox chemistry is hampered by this limitation. To address this problem, a 3D-printed photoreactor was designed which can be easily replicated with a small number of inexpensive and easily available components. Equipped with thermoelectric coolers, the reactor can access and precisely control the temperature in the range of -17 °C to 80 °C, while reactions under high-intensity irradiation are performed with LED lamps from Kessil or HepatoChem. The practical design of the vial holder allows a versatile use of different reaction vessels - in addition to fast reaction opMost published photochemical reactions are still not performed under standardized conditions. It is well known that the control of light intensity, the exact reaction temperature and other parameters are crucial for the success of a photochemical reaction. However, for most reactions reported in the literature, these parameters are not precisely controlled and recorded. As a result, the reproduction of these reactions is difficult and the progress in the field of photoredox chemistry is hampered by this limitation. To address this problem, a 3D-printed photoreactor was designed which can be easily replicated with a small number of inexpensive and easily available components. Equipped with thermoelectric coolers, the reactor can access and precisely control the temperature in the range of -17 °C to 80 °C, while reactions under high-intensity irradiation are performed with LED lamps from Kessil or HepatoChem. The practical design of the vial holder allows a versatile use of different reaction vessels - in addition to fast reaction optimization with up to eight vials simultaneously, upscaling in batch and flow is easily possible. Due to the high light intensity, the catalyst loading can be reduced to 0.1 mol% for large-scale reactions. The flexibility of the vial holder is demonstrated by combining IKA’s ElectraSyn 2.0 with the photoreactor to perform photoelectrochemical reactions in a reproducible manner.timization with up to eight vials simultaneously, upscaling in batch and flow is easily possible. Due to the high light intensity, the catalyst loading can be reduced to 0.1 mol% for large-scale reactions. The flexibility of the vial holder is demonstrated by combining IKA’s ElectraSyn 2.0 with the photoreactor to perform photoelectrochemical reactions in a reproducible manner.

Analyzing and optimizing the carbon utilization and lipid yield at different light intensities for Scenedesmus arcuatus

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
K. Vasumathi ◽  
Raja Vadivu G. Nadana ◽  
E.M. Nithiya ◽  
K. Sundar ◽  
M. Premalatha
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Osmotic Shock ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Carbon Utilization ◽  
Lipid Yield ◽  
The Face ◽  
Photosynthetic Microorganism ◽  
Pre Treatment

Microalgae, the photosynthetic microorganism growing abundantly in marine and aquatic ecosystems, are potential source for biological sequestration of CO2. The carbon uptake differs in the presence of other nutrients, light intensity etc. The biomass yield of Scenedesmus arcuatus var capitatus was studied based on the Face Centred Central Composite design (FCCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for nitrate, phosphate and carbonate under different conditions (laboratory, room and sunlight conditions). Various pre-treatments (osmotic shock, autoclaving, microwave and ultrasonication) were employed to find the best method for maximum lipid yield. The biomass yield reached a maximum of 1 g/L under sunlight conditions of nitrate concentration 500 ppm and carbonate 2000 ppm. The laboratory conditions resulted in a biomass yield of 0.59 g/L at 500 ppm nitrate, 1000 ppm carbonate and 250 ppm phosphate. Under room conditions, the yield was very low (0.11 g/L). Osmotic shock resulted in higher lipid yield than the other pre-treatment methods. The ability of Scenedesmus arcuatus to uptake high carbon under sunlight conditions and to adapt to high light intensity and fluctuations in light intensity concludes that this species is suitable for large-scale open pond cultivation for CO2 sequestration and production of metabolites.

Characteristics of Photosynthesis in Different Wheat Cultivars under High Light Intensity and High Temperature Stresses

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 2196-2201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-Li QI ◽  
Lin HU ◽  
Hai-Bin DONG ◽  
Lei ZHANG ◽  
Gen-Song WANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Temperature Stresses

scholarly journals Quality Control in 3D Printing: Accuracy Analysis of 3D-Printed Models of Patient-Specific Anatomy

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1021
Author(s):  
Bernhard Dorweiler ◽  
Pia Elisabeth Baqué ◽  
Rayan Chaban ◽  
Ahmed Ghazy ◽  
Oroa Salem
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Vascular Anatomy ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Stl File ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Mean

As comparative data on the precision of 3D-printed anatomical models are sparse, the aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of 3D-printed models of vascular anatomy generated by two commonly used printing technologies. Thirty-five 3D models of large (aortic, wall thickness of 2 mm, n = 30) and small (coronary, wall thickness of 1.25 mm, n = 5) vessels printed with fused deposition modeling (FDM) (rigid, n = 20) and PolyJet (flexible, n = 15) technology were subjected to high-resolution CT scans. From the resulting DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) dataset, an STL file was generated and wall thickness as well as surface congruency were compared with the original STL file using dedicated 3D engineering software. The mean wall thickness for the large-scale aortic models was 2.11 µm (+5%), and 1.26 µm (+0.8%) for the coronary models, resulting in an overall mean wall thickness of +5% for all 35 3D models when compared to the original STL file. The mean surface deviation was found to be +120 µm for all models, with +100 µm for the aortic and +180 µm for the coronary 3D models, respectively. Both printing technologies were found to conform with the currently set standards of accuracy (<1 mm), demonstrating that accurate 3D models of large and small vessel anatomy can be generated by both FDM and PolyJet printing technology using rigid and flexible polymers.

High light intensity stress as the limiting factor in micropropagation of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amritpal S. Singh ◽  
A. Maxwell P. Jones ◽  
Mukund R. Shukla ◽  
Praveen K. Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Intensity Stress

Predator Detection is Limited in Microhabitats with High Light Intensity: An Experiment with Brown-Headed Cowbirds

Ethology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Fernández-Juricic ◽  
Marcella Deisher ◽  
Amy C. Stark ◽  
Jacquelyn Randolet
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Predator Detection

scholarly journals Imposed dynamic irradiation to intensify photocatalytic reactions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Guba ◽  
Florian Gaulhofer ◽  
Dirk Ziegenbalg
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Photochemical Reactions ◽  
Test Reaction ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Photochemical Processes ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Photocatalytic Reactions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Photonic Efficiency

AbstractDynamic irradiation is a potent option to influence the interaction between photochemical reactions and mass transport to design high performant and efficient photochemical processes. To systematically investigate the impact of this parameter, the photocatalytic reduction of nitrobenzene was conducted as a test reaction. Dynamic irradiation was realized through provoked secondary flow patterns, multiple spatially distributed light emitting diodes (LEDs) and electrical pulsation of LEDs. A combined experimental and theoretical approach revealed significant potential to enhance photochemical processes. The reaction rate was accelerated by more than 70% and even more important the photonic efficiency was increased by more than a factor of 4. This renders imposed dynamic irradiation an innovative and powerful tool to intensify photoreactions on the avenue to large scale sustainable photochemical processes.

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