scholarly journals Pharmaceutical procurement among public sector procurers in CARICOM

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Charles Preston ◽  
Claire King ◽  
Maryam Hinds ◽  
Francis Burnett ◽  
Rian Marie Extavour
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
North America ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Rational Use Of Medicines ◽  
Essential Medicines List ◽  
Pharmaceutical Procurement ◽  
Health Organization

Objective. To examine multiple aspects of the medicines in CARICOM procurement markets, including manufacturer headquarters location, regulatory history, and type (innovator versus generic); the proportion of World Health Organization (WHO) essential medicines; and the most expensive medicines procured. Method. An analysis of procurement information from selected CARICOM procurers. Four public sector procurement lists were obtained based on public availability or sharing of data from public sector procurers. Analyses were based on parameters available or deduced from these data. Results. The majority of products come from manufacturers headquartered in North America and Europe (63%–67%). The percentage of medicines procured from generic companies is 60%–87%; and 25%–50% of medicines procured are on the WHO Essential Medicines List. Wide price variations exist in the most expensive medicines purchased. Conclusions. The analysis identifies vulnerabilities and opportunities in the procurement situation of CARICOM states, particularly related to quality and rational use of medicines. This analysis represents a baseline that governments and other stakeholders can use in the future.

scholarly journals Rational use of medicines: contribution to development of healthcare systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 803-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Y Shaydullina ◽  
L E Ziganshina
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Rational Use Of Medicines ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Health Organization

Development of World Health Organization (WHO) Rational Use of Medicines concept internationally and its implementation in the Russian Federation is reviewed. The need to consolidate efforts for the introduction of the WHO-developed strategy for the use of medicines improvement is explained. The WHO strategy to improve the use of medicines is described. Abundance of medicines, medicinal products and various formulations of the same active substances, as well as of promotional materials, which often mislead healthcare community and consumers, requires establishment of a system promoting effective and safe use of medicines and ensuring access to essential medicines of all members of the society. The factors which contribute to irrational use of medicines, avoidable causes, and consequences of irrational use of medicines are presented. Current situation in the Russian Federation regarding the use of medicines: legal and regulatory framework, the results of the registration process, documents valid on a national level and in particular regions that determine pharmaceutical policy is described in detail. Methodology of assessing prescribing practices and medicine consumption recommended by the World Health Organization for implementation and use globally is revealed. The implementation of the WHO concept of the rational use of medicines in the Republic of Tatarstan is described as an example. An illustration of the authors’ findings on effects of clinical pharmacology services on containment of medicines’ costs at the level of internal diseases department of municipal hospital is presented. The leading thesis of WHO Rational Use of Medicines concept - the establishment of independent multidisciplinary regional structures responsible for the quality use of medicines - is substantiated.

scholarly journals Classification of WHO Essential Oral Medicines for Children Applying a Provisional Pediatric Biopharmaceutics Classification System

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose-Manuel delMoral-Sanchez ◽  
Isabel Gonzalez-Alvarez ◽  
Marta Gonzalez-Alvarez ◽  
Andres Navarro ◽  
Marival Bermejo
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Biopharmaceutics Classification System ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Oral Drug ◽  
Essential Medicines List ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Biopharmaceutics Classification

The objective was using the Essential Medicines List for children by the World Health Organization (WHO) to create a pediatric biopharmaceutics classification system (pBCS) of the oral drugs included in the Essential Medicines List by the World Health Organization and to compare our results with the BCS for adults (aBCS). Several methods to estimate the oral drug dose in different pediatric groups were used to calculate dose number (Do) and solubility (high/low). The estimation of the gastrointestinal water volume was adapted to each pediatric group. Provisional permeability classification was done by comparison of each drug lipophilicity versus metoprolol as the model drug of high permeability. As a result, 24.5% of the included drugs moved from the favorable to unfavorable class (i.e., from high to low solubility). Observed changes point out potential differences in product performance in pediatrics compared to adults, due to changes in the limiting factors for absorption. BCS Class Changes 1 to 2 or 3 to 4 are indicative of drugs that could be more sensitive to the choice of appropriate excipient in the development process. Validating a pBCS for each age group would provide a valuable tool to apply in specific pediatric formulation design by reducing time and costs and avoiding unnecessary pediatric experiments restricted due to ethical reasons. Additionally, pBCS could minimize the associated risks to the use of adult medicines or pharmaceutical compound formulations.

Evaluating World Health Organization Essential Medicines List for Skin Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.W. Rundle ◽  
A.P. Fortugno ◽  
J. Maghfour ◽  
C.L. Presley ◽  
K. Pulsipher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Essential Medicines List ◽  
Health Organization

Treatment of acute migraine attacks in children with analgesics on the World Health Organization Essential Medicines List: A systematic review and GRADE evidence synthesis

Cephalalgia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1592-1607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milka Jeric ◽  
Nives Surjan ◽  
Antonia Jelicic Kadic ◽  
Nicoletta Riva ◽  
Livia Puljak
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Evidence Synthesis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Acute Migraine ◽  
Essential Medicines List ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Background The World Health Organization Essential Medicines List (WHO EML) contains two analgesics for treatment of acute migraine attacks in children, ibuprofen and paracetamol. Methods The Embase, CDSR, CENTRAL, DARE and MEDLINE databases were searched up to 18 April 2017. We analyzed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews (SRs) that investigate the efficacy and safety of ibuprofen or paracetamol for treatment of acute migraine attacks in children. We conducted meta-analysis and assessments of evidence with GRADE, Cochrane risk of bias tool, and AMSTAR. Results Three RCTs (201 children) and 10 SRs on ibuprofen and/or paracetamol for acute migraine attacks in children were included. Meta-analysis indicated that ibuprofen was superior to placebo for pain-free at 2 h or pain relief at 2 h, without difference in adverse events. There were no differences between paracetamol and placebo, or ibuprofen and paracetamol. Ten SRs that analyzed various therapies for migraine in children were published between 2004 and 2016, with discordant conclusions. Conclusion Limited data from poor quality RCTs indicate that ibuprofen and paracetamol might be effective analgesics for treating migraine attacks in children. Inclusion of ibuprofen and paracetamol as antimigraine medicines for children in the WHO EML is supported by indirect evidence from studies in adults.

scholarly journals Clinical pharmacology - one of the world health organization strategies in promoting rational use of medicines

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 916-920
Author(s):  
L Y Shaydullina ◽  
L E Ziganshina
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Pharmacology ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Rational Use Of Medicines ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The review covers the history of Clinical Pharmacology discipline origin from the thirties of the twentieth century until now. Establishment of the research group on clinical pharmacology by the World Health Organization in 1969 is surveyed. The current status of clinical pharmacology in Russia is described with emphasis on potential impact of the discipline on health system in the rational use of medicines and access to medicines. The connection between clinical pharmacology development and pharmaceutical regulation and «thalidomide tragedy» of the sixties is traced. The main developing sections of the discipline of Clinical Pharmacology: pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacoeconomics, pharmacogenetics, pharmacovigilance and drug clinical trials are presented. The objectives and phases of clinical trials, the current problems of their conduction - global and Russian - are presented. Perspectives for the clinical pharmacology development using the evidence-based medicine approach are reviewed. Review reveals the multidisciplinary nature of clinical pharmacology, its bridging role between the fundamental and practical clinical disciplines, and a close connection with the development of healthcare system. Problems of clinical pharmacologists’ training and employment are discussed. The review presents the current status and development of the discipline in different countries and in the Russian Federation with reference to the federal regulations and laws. The potential of clinical pharmacology as a research, teaching and practicing medical discipline allowing the healthcare system to ensure the rational use of medicines providing drug efficiency, safety and affordability for the population is described. The results of the own authors’ research of the impact of clinical pharmacology services introduction in the practice of internal diseases departments of Kazan municipal hospitals on the outcome of coronary heart disease are presented with consideration of the various confounding factors. Review explains the need for wide use of clinical pharmacology potentials on all levels of healthcare system, particularly for administrative decision-making

scholarly journals 519 Evaluating world health organization essential medicines list for dermatologic disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 140 (7) ◽  
pp. S71
Author(s):  
C.W. Rundle ◽  
A. Fortugno ◽  
O. Chosidow ◽  
L. Naldi ◽  
R. Hay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Essential Medicines List ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Dermatologic Disease

scholarly journals A study of the population attitude towards rational use of antibiotics

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (6 (294)) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Zita Petravičienė ◽  
Vida Bartašiūnienė ◽  
Eligija Židonienė
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Rational Use Of Medicines ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Rational Use Of Antibiotics

The World Health Organization (WHO) has expressed concern about the threat posed by bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Irresponsible consumption affects the entire ecosystem. Nowadays this has become a problem as their overuse has reached a level where resistance is growing and spreading and new drugs are lacking to meet this challenge [1]. It is not only doctors who have to take responsibility for their unnecessary use, but also each of us – not to engage in self-medication. Alexander Fleming, a British scientist and professor of bacteriology who was the first to discover the antibiotic penicillin, is very important in the history of antibiotics. Until then, doctors did not have effective means to treat infections like gonorrhea, rheumatism, pneumonia. With the discovery of penicillin, the era of antibacterial drugs began. Concerns expressed a few years ago that society may remain unarmed against infections, as before the discovery of antibiotics, are becoming a real threat [2]. The word "rational" is derived from the Latin word rationalis and means reasonable, thoughtful, purposeful, intelligent, clearly understood, based on new scientific methods [3]. The issue of rational use of medicines was first raised at an international conference of the World Health Organization in 1985 in Nairobi. The principles of rational use of medicines say that the patient must receive high-quality, safe and effective medicines when he needs them, taking into account his clinical characteristics, by individual doses, for the appropriate period, at appropriate intervals, only for a certain time, at an affordable price, with the right information [4]. The majority of the participants of the study stated that antibiotics kill bacteria and less than half - that it kills viruses. The study showed that less than half of the population treats themselves without consulting a doctor. The aim of the study is to reveal the attitude of the population towards the rational use of antibiotics.

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