scholarly journals Clinical pharmacology - one of the world health organization strategies in promoting rational use of medicines

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 916-920
Author(s):  
L Y Shaydullina ◽  
L E Ziganshina
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Pharmacology ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Rational Use Of Medicines ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The review covers the history of Clinical Pharmacology discipline origin from the thirties of the twentieth century until now. Establishment of the research group on clinical pharmacology by the World Health Organization in 1969 is surveyed. The current status of clinical pharmacology in Russia is described with emphasis on potential impact of the discipline on health system in the rational use of medicines and access to medicines. The connection between clinical pharmacology development and pharmaceutical regulation and «thalidomide tragedy» of the sixties is traced. The main developing sections of the discipline of Clinical Pharmacology: pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacoeconomics, pharmacogenetics, pharmacovigilance and drug clinical trials are presented. The objectives and phases of clinical trials, the current problems of their conduction - global and Russian - are presented. Perspectives for the clinical pharmacology development using the evidence-based medicine approach are reviewed. Review reveals the multidisciplinary nature of clinical pharmacology, its bridging role between the fundamental and practical clinical disciplines, and a close connection with the development of healthcare system. Problems of clinical pharmacologists’ training and employment are discussed. The review presents the current status and development of the discipline in different countries and in the Russian Federation with reference to the federal regulations and laws. The potential of clinical pharmacology as a research, teaching and practicing medical discipline allowing the healthcare system to ensure the rational use of medicines providing drug efficiency, safety and affordability for the population is described. The results of the own authors’ research of the impact of clinical pharmacology services introduction in the practice of internal diseases departments of Kazan municipal hospitals on the outcome of coronary heart disease are presented with consideration of the various confounding factors. Review explains the need for wide use of clinical pharmacology potentials on all levels of healthcare system, particularly for administrative decision-making

scholarly journals A study of the population attitude towards rational use of antibiotics

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (6 (294)) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Zita Petravičienė ◽  
Vida Bartašiūnienė ◽  
Eligija Židonienė
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Rational Use Of Medicines ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Rational Use Of Antibiotics

The World Health Organization (WHO) has expressed concern about the threat posed by bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Irresponsible consumption affects the entire ecosystem. Nowadays this has become a problem as their overuse has reached a level where resistance is growing and spreading and new drugs are lacking to meet this challenge [1]. It is not only doctors who have to take responsibility for their unnecessary use, but also each of us – not to engage in self-medication. Alexander Fleming, a British scientist and professor of bacteriology who was the first to discover the antibiotic penicillin, is very important in the history of antibiotics. Until then, doctors did not have effective means to treat infections like gonorrhea, rheumatism, pneumonia. With the discovery of penicillin, the era of antibacterial drugs began. Concerns expressed a few years ago that society may remain unarmed against infections, as before the discovery of antibiotics, are becoming a real threat [2]. The word "rational" is derived from the Latin word rationalis and means reasonable, thoughtful, purposeful, intelligent, clearly understood, based on new scientific methods [3]. The issue of rational use of medicines was first raised at an international conference of the World Health Organization in 1985 in Nairobi. The principles of rational use of medicines say that the patient must receive high-quality, safe and effective medicines when he needs them, taking into account his clinical characteristics, by individual doses, for the appropriate period, at appropriate intervals, only for a certain time, at an affordable price, with the right information [4]. The majority of the participants of the study stated that antibiotics kill bacteria and less than half - that it kills viruses. The study showed that less than half of the population treats themselves without consulting a doctor. The aim of the study is to reveal the attitude of the population towards the rational use of antibiotics.

César Moscoso Carrasco and Malaria Eradication in Bolivia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole L. Pacino
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Rockefeller Foundation ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Malaria Eradication ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Health Organization

César Moscoso Carrasco (1904–1966), a central figure in Bolivia’s mid-20th-century public health system, wanted to liberate Bolivia from malaria. In a career that spanned three decades, he came close to achieving this goal, but ultimately did not live to see successful eradication. Moscoso was one of the first Bolivian public health specialists in malariology, and was recognized by the World Health Organization for his contributions to the field in 1963. At all stages of his career, he fortuitously aligned himself with the individual or organization that could help him accomplish his professional ambitions and his mission of eradicating malaria in Bolivia. He was the founder and director of the National Anti-Malaria Service in 1929, where he made a name for himself working to halt the spread of malaria in Mizque, in the Cochabamba region. In the 1940s, he secured a position with the Rockefeller Foundation, where he had access to resources beyond the scope of the Bolivian government and an international network of public health specialists. Finally, in the 1950s, he headed the newly formed National Service for Malaria Eradication, which was a Bolivian government initiative supported by international organizations, such as the World Health Organization and the Pan-American Sanitary Bureau. In the 1950s and 1960s, he came the closest to achieving his goal. Unfortunately, he died the same way he lived: fighting a disease, possibly malaria, which he contracted on a visit to Ceylon as a malaria expert and consultant. Moscoso’s life is a window into many aspects of Bolivia’s 20th-century history. First, his life story illustrates both the potential and limitations of the Bolivian healthcare system. Indeed, Moscoso often had to work with international or binational organizations to accomplish the work that he saw as necessary and important. Second, his career shows how political changes in Bolivia impacted healthcare. Since his career spans the Chaco War of 1932–1935, the politically tumultuous 1940s, and the 1952 National Revolution, it provides a personal account of how these events changed healthcare in Bolivia. His story demonstrates the hardships that Bolivian doctors faced as they worked to improve their healthcare system, including low pay, few resources, and little respect from their foreign colleagues.

scholarly journals The Year of the Nurse during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-757
Author(s):  
Anna Bartosiewicz ◽  
Kinga Harpula ◽  
Edyta Łuszczki
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Frontline Workers ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Conditions Of Employment

The year 2020 was established by the World Health Organization as The Year of the Nurse and Midwife to emphasize the importance of this profession to the healthcare system. Strange but true, nurses around the world celebrated it by being frontline workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the phrase “Nursing Now” has become more important than ever. The main aim of this article was to draw attention to the fact that 2020 was the Year of the Nurse and Midwife and, indeed, their role in the fight against the pandemic is difficult overlook. Through the use of available scientific databases, documents and scientific publications related to the subject were collected and analyzed. Nurses are able to fulfill their duties as long as they are properly rewarded and provided not only with support but also better terms and conditions of employment. The investment in nurses should also be treated as an investment in the healthcare system.

scholarly journals Preventive Approach and Preparation for Crisis Management Before the Outbreak

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 165-168
Author(s):  
Mohsen Poursadeqiyan ◽  
◽  
Maryam Feyz Arefi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Warning ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
Health Organization

Epidemic crises lead to the quarantine and closure of many commercial and social activities, which can cause a lot of damage to communities. The recent coronavirus crisis, which has spread from China had many consequences due to its unknown nature and rapid spread. The epidemic is so severe that it was issued as a global warning by the World Health Organization. This epidemic has placed a heavy burden on Chinachr('39')s healthcare system due to a lack of equipment, resources, predictive models, and medicine.

scholarly journals Clinical outcomes of women with COVID 19 during pregnancy: an update

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
Naushaba Tarannum Mahtab ◽  
Tanzeem Sabina Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Vulnerable Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

In December 2019, a cluster of four cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China, were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). Since then, the world has seen unprecedented effects of this virus on our health and life in general and every country of the world has been affected. Pregnant women are considered the most vulnerable population and clinical trials and research are going on to ensure the safety of mother and the fetus during this pandemic. The data regarding management of pregnancy during COVID-19 era is evolving every day. In this review, we evaluate the recent evidence of the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection throughout pregnancy and provide a balanced and informed evidence-based management of pregnancy during the COVID- 19 era. Birdem Med J 2020; 10, COVID Supplement: 93-102

scholarly journals Good Pharmacy Practice in India: Its past, Present and Future with Need and Status in COVID 19

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrinmoy Roy
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Well Being ◽  
World Health ◽  
Task Forces ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Oxygen Shortage

The pandemic of COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of emergency preparedness and response (EP and R) in India’s education, training, capacity building, and infrastructure growth. Healthcare professionals, especially pharmacy professionals (PPs) in India, continued to provide drugs, supplies, and services during the pandemic. The public-private healthcare system in India is complicated and of varying quality. Patients face problems as a result of gaps in pharmacy practice education and training, as well as a lack of clarity about pharmacists’ positions. Job requirements and effective placement of healthcare professionals in patient care, as well as on (EP and R) task forces or policy representation, are complicated by this lack of distinction. We have also seen malpractice and spurious distribution in the healthcare and pharmaceutical domain in terms of personal protective kits, medications, injectable, life-saving oxygen, and other items during this unprecedented pandemic situation. A few of the incidents are as follows. The central division police in Bangalore (the Global BPO & IT Hub of India) booked a case of bed-blocking at a private hospital and arrested three people, one of whom is an Arogya Mitra (primary contact for the beneficiaries at every empaneled hospital care provider), for allegedly extorting ₹1.20 lakh from the son of a COVID-19 patient who later passed away. At least 178 COVID-19 patients in India have died because of oxygen shortage in recent weeks. Another 70 deaths have been attributed to an oxygen shortage by patients\' families, but this has been denied by the authorities. The Allahabad High court made a remark “Death of COVID patients due to non-supply of oxygen not less than genocide” on reports circulating on social media regarding the death of COVID-19 patients due to lack of oxygen in Lucknow and Meerut. A day ago, the Delhi police busted an industrial manufacturing unit in Uttarakhand’s Kotdwar where fake Remdesivir injections were being manufactured and arrested five people. These depict the ground reality and ethical standards of good pharmacy practice in this country. There is an utmost necessity to relook and re-establish the standards of pharmacy practice in healthcare setups available in each and every corner of the country in line with guidelines provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). For that, the dependency and responsibilities are very high on healthcare professionals, particularly in this pandemic situation. The pharmacy zone is adaptable, evolving, and increasingly diverse, offering a wide range of work and management opportunities to execute. PPs are human service professionals whose responsibilities include safeguarding individuals by dispensing medications based on prescriptions. Representing the world\'s third-largest medicinal services with active gathering, and in India, there are over 1,000,000 (1 million) enrolled PPs employed in various capacities and readily contributing to the country\'s well-being. Pharmacy practice, which includes clinical, community, and hospital pharmacy, is referred to as total healthcare in its true sense. Through adaptation and implementation of GPP in healthcare setup, PPs form an essential link between physicians, nurses, and patients in the social community group, with an ultimate emphasis on patient well-being and protection. To instill quality and raise the standard in this chaotic situation there are strict measures required in the country. The International Pharmaceutical Federation and World Health Organization define good pharmacy practice (GPP) as practices that meet the personal needs of patients or those using pharmacy services by offering appropriate evidence-based care. In developed countries, pharmaceutical assistance is defined as a pharmaceutical practice model that involves attitudes, ethical values, behaviors, skills, appointments, and co-responsibility to prevent diseases, promote and recovery health in an integrated manner as part of the healthcare process, highlighting, among other, the requirement that the institution fully adopts the GPP. There is a need for a GPP Program designed by the Indian Govt. or its stakeholders in the context of the Indian healthcare system and adopting “new normal” due to the unprecedented event of COVID 19 and also raising the standard and importance of GPP for the healthcare professionals in the current scenario.

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