During oocyte growth chromatin configuration of the germinal vesicle (GV) oocyte undergoes modification in relation to changes in transcriptional activity crucial for conferring meiotic as well as developmental competence on the oocyte. In the macaque oocyte, there are 3 distinct GV states: GV1, noncondensed chromatin; GV2, an intermediate state; and GV3, condensed chromatin. The aim of this study was to test the effects of a prematuration culture (PMC) system, using the phosphodiesterase type 3 inhibitor milrinone (MIL), on the synchronization of GV chromatin to the GV3 stage and assess metaphase II (MII) oocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) content as a measure of cytoplasmic maturation. Reagents were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA) unless stated otherwise. To assess the effect of PMC on GV chromatin status, immature oocytes retrieved from unstimulated ovaries were either fixed (2% paraformaldehyde+0.1% Triton-X100) immediately after follicular aspiration (t = 0) or after culture in a humidified atmosphere of 6% CO2 in air at 37°C for 24 h in modified Connaught Medical Research Laboratories medium (mCMRL) supplemented with 10% FCS (Hyclone, Logan, UT, USA) and 12.5 μM MIL in the absence (MILNil) or presence of 1.0 IU of FSH (MILFSH). For chromatin assessment, fixed GV oocytes were stained with 5 μg mL–1 of 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (Molecular Probes, Leiden, the Netherlands) and imaged using confocal microscopy. Following PMC, MILFSH oocytes were transferred to fresh mCMRL+FCS supplemented with 1.0 IU of recombinant human FSH and 1.0 IU of hLH and cultured for a further 30 h. Control and MILFSH oocytes were denuded of cumulus cells and assessed for maturation. The MII oocytes were prepared for GSH analysis, and total GSH content was determined using a commercial 5,5′-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB)-GSH reductase recycling assay kit (North-West Life Science). The MII rates were compared using chi-square. Differences in oocyte GSH content were compared using t-test. Significant differences were determined at P < 0.05. There was no significant difference in the proportion of oocytes remaining at the GV stage following 24 h of PMC in MILNil or MILFSH (42/44, 96% v. 32/35, 91%, respectively). However, there was a significant reduction in GV1 chromatin (15/49, 31% v. 28/54, 52% and 22/58, 38%) and a significant increase in GV3 chromatin (23/49, 47% v. 14/54, 26% and 16/58, 28%) observed in MILFSH oocytes compared with both MILNil and t = 0 oocytes, respectively. The MII rate of MILFSH oocytes following in vitro maturation was significantly higher compared with the MII rate of control in vitro matured oocytes (91/167, 55% v. 83/243, 34%). There was no significant difference in the GSH content of GV oocytes from the time of oocyte collection (t = 0) or GV oocytes following PMC in MILFSH (3.69 ± 0.16 and 4.14 ± 0.28 pmol/oocyte, n = 39–49 oocytes). The GSH content of control in vitro matured MII oocytes was significantly greater than that of MILFSH-treated MII oocytes (3.13 ± 0.16 v. 2.02 ± 0.04 pmol/oocyte, n =53–54 oocytes). The PMC supported high rates of nuclear maturation, but cytoplasmic maturation, assessed by GSH content, was negatively affected. Further assessment following fertilization and development is required to determine the practical utility of PMC in a primate in vitro maturation setting.
The Role of Steroids, Growth Factors and CAMP Stimulators on the Gap Junction Activity in Cumulus Oocyte Complexes in the Rat
