scholarly journals Development of Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Level Monitoring System using Phone as a Patient Data Storage

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Riska Ekawita ◽  
Ahmad Azmi Nasution ◽  
Elfi Yuliza ◽  
Nursakinah Suardi ◽  
Suwarsono Suwarsono
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Glucose Measurement ◽  
Design System ◽  
Automatic Data ◽  
Non Invasive

Glucose levels that accumulate in the blood can cause other organ disorders and even cause death. To prevent such occurrence, continuous and regular glucose measuring and monitoring is required for diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. Glucose measurement for DM patients are generally performed several times a day, so be required easy, harmless method of measuring the DM patients, and monitoring data are well recorded. Thus in this research, an android non-invasive glucose level system with wireless communication and automatic data storage on the phone’s memory was developed. The study was begun with the built of electronic and software systems as the central part of the measuring system. The electronic section consists of laser and light sensors that respond to a change in blood glucose (BG) levels, the microcontroller that controlled all of the measuring processes, and Bluetooth modules as transceiver on data communication of the android. The software section is built using an App Inventor developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to display and store data measurement on the mobile phone. The calibration process of light sensors is done with the standard tool and at last, the wireless communication systems testing and BG levels measurement. The result shows that 94 mg/dl of BG levels by standard tools equals 2.86 volts of voltage measured by the design system. The higher the BG level, the lower the voltage be. Increase the BG level causes the resistance between the transmitter and the receiver to raise and the voltage becomes low.

NON-INVASIVE BLOOD GLUCOSE ANALYSIS BASED ON GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE FOR DIABETIC PATIENTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (02) ◽  
pp. 1850009 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Snekhalatha ◽  
T. Rajalakshmi ◽  
C. H. Vinitha Sri ◽  
G. Balachander ◽  
K. S. Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Galvanic Skin Response ◽  
Skin Resistance ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Glucose Measurement ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Skin Response

Diabetes is a chronic disease due to the lack of production of hormone insulin by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans. Many diabetic patients often draw a small amount of blood to measure the glucose level every day. This vital information is needed to control their daily food intake. One such method could cause infection and discomfort to the patient. Non-invasive glucose measurement techniques overcome these challenges to monitor blood glucose level continuously. The aim and objective of this study are as follows: (i) to correlate the skin resistance based on Galvanic skin response (GSR) and blood glucose level for diabetic and non-diabetic subject and (ii) to estimate the blood glucose value based on GSR voltage and resistance using stepwise linear regression model. About 50 diabetic and 50 non-diabetic subjects were included in this study. Blood glucose level is recorded using the minimally invasive device called accu-chek for all the subjects. GSR resistance and GSR voltage were recorded using the designed instrumentation setup. In diabetic subjects, the measured blood glucose level shows negative correlation with the GSR voltage ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) and GSR resistance ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]). The estimated blood glucose level can be predicted with good sensitivity (94%) and accuracy (92%) using age and GSR voltage, or by the combination of age and GSR resistance in the evaluation of diabetic subjects.

Indole as a new tentative marker in exhaled breath for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring of diabetic subjects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Fink ◽  
Tim Maihöfer ◽  
Jeffrey Bender ◽  
Jochen Schulat
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Measurement ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Test Strips ◽  
Non Invasive

Abstract Blood glucose monitoring (BGM) is the most important part of diabetes management. In classical BGM, glucose measurement by test strips involves invasive finger pricking. We present results of a clinical study that focused on a non-invasive approach based on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath. Main objective was the discovery of markers for prediction of blood glucose levels (BGL) in diabetic patients. Exhaled breath was measured repeatedly in 60 diabetic patients (30 type 1, 30 type 2) in fasting state and after a standardized meal. Proton Transfer Reaction Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) was used to sample breath every 15 minutes for a total of six hours. BGLs were tested in parallel via BGM test strips. VOC signals were plotted against glucose trends for each subject to identify correlations. Exhaled indole (a bacterial metabolite of tryptophan) showed significant mean correlation to BGL (with negative trend) and significant individual correlation in 36 patients. The type of diabetes did not affect this result. Additional experiments of one healthy male subject by ingestion of lactulose and 13C-labeled glucose (n=3) revealed that exhaled indole does not directly originate from food digestion by intestinal microbiota. As indole has been linked to human glucose metabolism, it might be a tentative marker in breath for non-invasive BGM. Clinical studies with greater diversity are required for confirmation of such results and further investigation of metabolic pathways.

scholarly journals NOVEL APPROACHES TO NON-INVASIVE BLOOD GLUCOSE MEASUREMENT

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Kh. A. Kurdanov ◽  
A. D. Elbaev ◽  
A. D. Elbaeva ◽  
R. I. Elbaeva
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Measurement ◽  
Glucose Measurement ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Novel Approaches

scholarly journals Comparison of Functional Regression and Functional Principal Component Regression for Estimating Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-25
Author(s):  
Nurul Fadhilah ◽  
Erfiani Erfiani ◽  
Indahwati Indahwati
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Principal Component Regression ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Functional Regression ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Functional Principal Component

The calibration method is an alternative method that can be used to analyze the relationship between invasive and non-invasive blood glucose levels. Calibration modeling generally has a large dimension and contains multicolinearities because usually in functional data the number of independent variables (p) is greater than the number of observations (p>n). Both problems can be overcome using Functional Regression (FR) and Functional Principal Component Regression (FPCR). FPCR is based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). In FPCR, the data is transformed using a polynomial basis before data reduction. This research tried to model the equations of spectral calibration of voltage value excreted by non-invasive blood glucose level monitoring devices to predict blood glucose using FR and FPCR. This study aimed to determine the best calibration model for measuring non-invasive blood glucose levels with the FR and FPCR. The results of this research showed that the FR model had a bigger coefficient determination (R2) value and lower Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Root Mean Square Error Prediction (RMSEP) value than the FPCR model, which was 12.9%, 5.417, and 5.727 respectively. Overall, the calibration modeling with the FR model is the best model for estimate blood glucose level compared to the FPCR model.

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