scholarly journals Decrease in community antibiotic consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic, EU/EEA, 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (46) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselotte Diaz Högberg ◽  
Vera Vlahović-Palčevski ◽  
Cátia Pereira ◽  
Klaus Weist ◽  
Dominique L Monnet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Antimicrobial Consumption ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area

We present a European Union/European Economic Area-wide overview of the changes in consumption of antibacterials for systemic use (ATC J01) in the community between 2019 and 2020 as reported to the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Network. Overall antibiotic consumption decreased by 18.3% between 2019 and 2020, the largest annual decrease in the network's two-decade history. We observed a strong association between the level of community antibiotic consumption in 2019 and the size of the decrease between 2019 and 2020.

Policy Effects of Anti-Immigrant Party Representation on Aid to Vulnerable European Union/European Economic Area Citizens

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Tyrberg ◽  
Carl Dahlström
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Welfare Policy ◽  
Policy Impact ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Policy Area ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Policy Effects ◽  
Economic Area

While anti-immigrant parties have been electorally successful in European parliaments, it is still unclear whether they have influenced policies. This article contributes by investigating the anti-immigrant party policy impact on a previously unexplored welfare policy area, that concerning the mobility of vulnerable European Union/European Economic Area citizens. In Sweden, the aid offered to these citizens varies a great deal in different municipalities. Furthermore, the largest anti-immigrant party (Sweden Democrats) has, unlike the mainstream political parties, preferences for a strict policy in line with so-called welfare chauvinism. Taking advantage of this subnational variation, our data give us a unique opportunity to investigate whether anti-immigrant party representation impacts welfare policy outcomes. The empirical findings show a negative correlation between Sweden Democrats’ representation and the aid offered and indicates that municipalities where Sweden Democrats holds a pivotal position offer less aid to vulnerable European Union/European Economic Area citizens. The hypothesis that these effects are conditional upon the ideology of the ruling coalition is, however, not supported.

scholarly journals Risk of hospitalization and risk of death for healthcare workers with COVID-19 in nine European Union/European Economic Area countries, January 2020–January 2021

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Ferland ◽  
Joana Gomes Dias ◽  
Carlos Carvalho ◽  
Cornelia Adlhoch ◽  
Carl Suetens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Adjusted Risk ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

AbstractWe assessed the impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers (HCWs) from data on 2.9 million cases reported from nine countries in the EU/EEA. Compared to non-HCWs, HCWs had a higher adjusted risk of hospitalization (IRR 3.0 [95% CI 2.2-4.0]), but not death (IRR 0.9, 95% CI 0.4-2.0).Article Summary LineHealthcare workers are hospitalized more frequently than non-healthcare workers when adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities.

scholarly journals HIV and AIDS in the European Union, 2011

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (48) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Likatavicius ◽  
M Van de Laar
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Late Presenters ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Sex With Men

In 2011, a total of 28,038 new HIV diagnoses were reported by European Union and European Economic Area countries. The annual rate of HIV diagnoses does not show clear signs of decrease and HIV continues to be concentrated in selected populations such as men who have sex with men and injecting drug users, and a high proportion reported as late presenters. Despite effective and available antiretroviral treatment, the number of AIDS cases increased in a few countries.

European Union Public Procurement Remedies Regimes

2012 ◽  
pp. 162-184
Author(s):  
Kai Krüger
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Eu

The chapter explores the Nordic statutory EU-based remedy regimes. Due to the European Economic Area (EEA) agreement, the EU commitments do not vary between EU member states, Denmark, Finland, and Sweden and (non-members) Norway and Iceland. The legislation on procurement remedies is assumed to be EU/EEA compliant. There are however material differences in the set up for handling disputes and complaints—also subsequent to the 2010-2012 Nordic adaptation of EU Directive 2007/66/EC on enhanced procurement remedies. The pending issue is whether the EU “sufficiently serious breach” principle on treaty infringements applies on liability for procurement flaws. Loss of contract damage has been awarded in all Nordic countries, whereas cases on negative interest (costs in preparing futile tender bids) seem more favorable to plaintiffs. Per mid-2012, there are no Nordic rulings on the effect of the recent somewhat ambiguous EU Court of Justice Strabag and Spijkers 2010 rulings.

scholarly journals Healthcare-associated pneumonia in acute care hospitals in European Union/European Economic Area countries: an analysis of data from a point prevalence survey, 2011 to 2012

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (32) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Walter ◽  
Sebastian Haller ◽  
Chantal Quinten ◽  
Tommi Kärki ◽  
Benedikt Zacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Acute Care ◽  
Acute Care Hospitals ◽  
Point Prevalence ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Prevalence Survey ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Point Prevalence Survey ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Healthcare Associated

An aim of the ECDC point prevalence survey (PPS) in European Union/European Economic Area acute care hospitals was to acquire standardised healthcare-associated infections (HAI) data. We analysed one of the most common HAIs in the ECDC PPS, healthcare-associated pneumonia (HAP). Standardised HAI case definitions were provided and countries were advised to recruit nationally representative subsets of hospitals. We calculated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) around prevalence estimates and adjusted for clustering at hospital level. Of 231,459 patients in the survey, 2,902 (1.3%; 95% CI: 1.2–1.3) fulfilled the case definition for a HAP. HAPs were most frequent in intensive care units (8.1%; 95% CI: 7.4–8.9) and among patients intubated on the day of the survey (15%; 95% CI: 14–17; n = 737 with HAP). The most frequently reported microorganism was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17% of 1,403 isolates), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (12%) and Klebsiella spp. (12%). Antimicrobial resistance was common among isolated microorganisms. The most frequently prescribed antimicrobial group was penicillins, including combinations with beta-lactamase inhibitors. HAPs occur regularly among intubated and non-intubated patients, with marked differences between medical specialities. HAPs remain a priority for preventive interventions, including surveillance. Our data provide a reference for future prevalence of HAPs at various settings.

scholarly journals The Nordea Bank Denmark Case (C-48/13)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-242
Author(s):  
Anders Nørgaard Laursen
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Member States ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
European Court

Abstract This paper reports on an investigation of a recent decision by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in case C-48/13, Nordea Bank Denmark, concerning the Danish rules for reincorporation of losses from permanent establishments situated in European Union/ European Economic Area (EU/EEA) member states other than Denmark. The article includes comments on various EU tax law aspects of the case - namely the restriction test applied by the ECJ, the justifications brought forward by the intervening governments and the question of proportionality - and examines the consequences of the Danish tax law going forward.

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