scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance monitoring and surveillance in the meat chain: A report from five countries in the European Union and European Economic Area

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Mc Nulty ◽  
Jan Mei Soon ◽  
Carol Anne Wallace ◽  
Ivan Nastasijevic
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Resistance Monitoring ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Monitoring And Surveillance

scholarly journals The European gonococcal antimicrobial surveillance programme (Euro-GASP) appropriately reflects the antimicrobial resistance situation for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the European Union/European Economic Area

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle J. Cole ◽  
◽  
Chantal Quinten ◽  
Susanne Jacobsson ◽  
Michaela Day ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Surveillance Programme ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Antimicrobial Surveillance ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background European Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (Euro-GASP) antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data are used to inform gonorrhoea treatment guidelines; therefore the data need to be robust and representative. We assessed the extent to which Euro-GASP reflects national measures of the AMR situation for Neisseria gonorrhoeae across the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA). Methods We compared data from Euro-GASP with published national gonococcal AMR data from 15 countries for azithromycin, cefixime and ciprofloxacin for the period 2009 to 2013 and performed Poisson regression to identify differences (p < 0.05) between the proportions of resistant isolates. The 2014 Euro-GASP AMR data for each country (n = 19) were weighted to account for differences in the distribution of patient characteristics between Euro-GASP and EU/EEA epidemiological gonorrhoea surveillance data. Data were compared to determine whether estimates of resistance levels differed with regards to the 5% threshold used to assess the clinical utility of first-line gonorrhoea treatments. We assessed the quality of decentralised testing by comparing AMR data for isolates tested both centrally and in the participating laboratories, and by evaluating external quality assessment (EQA) performance. Results There was no significant difference for azithromycin, cefixime and ciprofloxacin resistance when Euro-GASP country data were compared with data from national reports. Weighting slightly altered the Euro-GASP AMR estimates (by between − 4.7 and 4.7% from the unweighted estimates). Weighting resulted in greater changes in estimates of resistance to azithromycin (from − 9.5 to 2.7%) and ciprofloxacin (from − 14.8 to 17.9%) in countries with low isolate numbers and low completeness of reporting (n = 3). Weighting caused AMR levels to fall below or above the 5% threshold for cefixime or azithromycin, respectively in only two countries. Susceptibility category data submitted from the decentralised Euro-GASP laboratories were concordant with the Euro-GASP data (> 90%). EQA performance was also good; < 5% of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results differed by > 4-fold from the modal MIC of the EQA isolate. Conclusions The overall prevalence of AMR reported by Euro-GASP reflects closely the AMR situation for N. gonorrhoeae in the EU/EEA. Euro-GASP data can be used to provide robust AMR estimates to inform the European guideline for the management of gonorrhoea.

scholarly journals HIV and AIDS in the European Union, 2011

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (48) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Likatavicius ◽  
M Van de Laar
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Late Presenters ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Sex With Men

In 2011, a total of 28,038 new HIV diagnoses were reported by European Union and European Economic Area countries. The annual rate of HIV diagnoses does not show clear signs of decrease and HIV continues to be concentrated in selected populations such as men who have sex with men and injecting drug users, and a high proportion reported as late presenters. Despite effective and available antiretroviral treatment, the number of AIDS cases increased in a few countries.

scholarly journals TB management in the European Union/European Economic Area: a multi‐centre survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-133
Author(s):  
G. Sotgiu ◽  
S. Rosales-Klintz ◽  
R. Centis ◽  
L. D'Ambrosio ◽  
R. Verduin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Economic Area

BACKGROUND: Essential TB care in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) comprises 21 standards for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of TB that constitute the European Union Standards for Tuberculosis Care (ESTC).METHODS: In 2017, we conducted an audit on TB management and infection control measures against the ESTC standards. TB reference centres in five EU/EEA countries were purposely selected to represent the heterogeneous European TB burden and examine geographic variability.RESULTS: Data from 122 patients, diagnosed between 2012 and 2015 with multidrug-resistant TB (n = 49), extensively drug‐resistant TB (XDR‐TB) (n = 11), pre‐XDR‐TB (n = 29) and drug‐susceptible TB (n = 33), showed that TB diagnosis and treatment practices were in general in agreement with the ESTC.CONCLUSION: Overall, TB management and infection control practices were in agreement with the ESTC in the selected EU/EEA reference centres. Areas for improvement include strengthening of integrated care services and further implementation of patient‐centred approaches.

scholarly journals Modified Legal Framework and Opening of the Liner Shipping Market in the Republic of Croatia to Shipping Companies from the European Economic Area

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-146
Author(s):  
Nikola Mandić
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Liner Shipping ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
The Republic

Generally speaking, public transport is the transport of persons and cargo available for use to the general public, performed on the basis of a transport contract. Public transport costal liner shipping is the transport of passengers, cargo and vehicles in the internal marine waters and territorial sea ofthe Republic of Croatia performed on pre-established lines in compliance with the published terms and conditions of the sailing schedule and services pricelist. The Act on Transport in Liner Shipping and Occasional Costal Maritime Transport established the public transport system in the Republic of Croatia, ensuring regular connection of inhabited islands with the mainland and other inhabited islands, as well as between coastal towns, with an appropriate number of daily two-way connections, to improve the conditions of island life and stimulate their development. Prior to the accession of the Republic of Croatia to the European Union, the maritime liner shipping market in the Republic of Croatia was reserved primarily for Croatian shipping companies. Now, following the expiry of the transitional period negotiated in pre-accession negotiations with the European Union and the expiry of previously concluded concession contracts, the market is opening up to shipping companies from the European Economic Area. Hence, over the last couple of years, the Republic of Croatia was required to modify its legal framework regulating this subject matter. This paper presents novelties in the legal framework introduced in 2016 and 2017, which directly affect the opening of the maritime liner shipping market in the Republic of Croatia to shipping companies from the European Economic Area, with the critical analysis of the new solutions.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis treatment outcome in the European Union and European Economic Area: an analysis of surveillance data from 2002‒2011

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (49) ◽  
Author(s):  
Basel Karo ◽  
Barbara Hauer ◽  
Vahur Hollo ◽  
Marieke J. van der Werf ◽  
Lena Fiebig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Unsuccessful Treatment ◽  
Mdr Tb

Monitoring the treatment outcome (TO) of tuberculosis (TB) is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention and to identify potential barriers for TB control. The global target is to reach a treatment success rate (TSR) of at least 85%. We aimed to assess the TB TO in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) between 2002 and 2011, and to identify factors associated with unsuccessful treatment. Only 18 countries reported information on TO for the whole observation period accounting for 250,854 new culture-confirmed pulmonary TB cases. The 85% target of TSR was not reached in any year between 2002 and 2011 and was on average 78%. The TSR for multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB cases at 24-month follow-up was 49%. In the multivariable regression model, unsuccessful treatment was significantly associated with increasing age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.02 per a one-year increase, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02–1.02), MDR-TB (OR = 8.7, 95% CI: 5.09–14.97), male sex (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.28–1.52), and foreign origin (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.03–1.70). The data highlight that special efforts are required for patients with MDR-TB and the elderly aged ≥65 years, who have particularly low TSR. To allow for valid monitoring at EU level all countries should aim to report TO for all TB cases.

scholarly journals The effect of migration within the European Union/European Economic Area on the distribution of tuberculosis, 2007 to 2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahur Hollo ◽  
Saara Magdalena Kotila ◽  
Csaba Ködmön ◽  
Phillip Zucs ◽  
Marieke Johanna van der Werf
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Proxy Indicators ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Free Movement Of Persons

Immigration from tuberculosis (TB) high-incidence countries is known to contribute notably to the TB burden in low-incidence countries. However, the effect of migration enabled by the free movement of persons within the European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA) on TB notification has not been analysed. We analysed TB surveillance data from 29 EU/EEA countries submitted for the years 2007–2013 to The European Surveillance System. We used place of birth and nationality as proxy indicators for native, other EU/EEA and non-EU/EEA origin of the TB cases and analysed the characteristics of the subgroups by origin. From 2007–2013, a total of 527,467 TB cases were reported, of which 129,781 (24.6%) were of foreign origin including 12,566 (2.4%) originating from EU/EEA countries other than the reporting country. The countries reporting most TB cases originating from other EU/EEA countries were Germany and Italy, and the largest proportion of TB cases in individuals came from Poland (n=1,562) and Romania (n=6,285). At EU/EEA level only a small proportion of foreign TB cases originated from other EU/EEA countries, however, the uneven distribution of this presumed importation may pose a challenge to TB programmes in some countries.

scholarly journals Die EU und ihre Nachbarschaftsbeziehungen: etablierte Assoziierungsmodelle und neue Grundformen

IG ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Lippert
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Eu

In this article, the author presents established models of association of the European Union (EU) with European third countries. She shows their different strategic perspectives, outlines benefits and problems, and examines the potential for developing these relations. Basically, these can go in the direction of expanding or dismantling partial sectoral integration. In addition, new basic forms of EU neighbourhood relations are discussed: the introduction of a new status of partial membership in the EU and - inspired by the European Economic Area - the creation of a European political and economic area.

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