scholarly journals Effects of freediving on middle ear and eustachian tube function

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-355
Author(s):  
Moritz F Meyer ◽  
◽  
Kristijana Knezic ◽  
Stefanie Jansen ◽  
Heinz D Klünter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Eustachian Tube Function ◽  
Diving Depth ◽  
Middle Ear Pressure ◽  
Tube Function ◽  
Hyperbaric Medicine ◽  
The Right ◽  
Peak Pressures

(Meyer MF, Knezic K, Jansen S, Klünter HD, Pracht ED, Grosheva M. Effects of freediving on middle ear and eustachian tube function. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine. 2020 December 20;50(4):350–355. doi: 10.28920/dhm50.4.350-355. PMID: 33325015.) Introduction: During descent in freediving there is exposure to rapidly increasing pressure. Inability to quickly equalise middle ear pressure may cause trauma to the ear. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of pressure-related damage to the middle ear and the Eustachian tube during freediving and to identify possible risk factors. Methods: Sixteen free divers performed diving sessions in an indoor pool 20 metres’ freshwater (mfw) deep. During each session, each diver performed four own free dives and up to four safety dives. Naso- and oto-endoscopy and Eustachian tube function tests were performed on the right and left ears before diving, between each session and after the last session. The otoscopic findings were classified according to the Teed classification (0 = normal tympanic membrane to 4 = perforation). Additionally, ENT-related complaints were assessed using a questionnaire. Results: Participants performed 317 dives (on average 20 dives per diver, six per session). The average depth was 13.3 mfw. Pressure-related changes (Teed 1 and 2) were detected in 48 % of ears. Teed level increased significantly with an increasing number of completed sessions (P < 0.0001). Higher pressure-related damage (Teed 2) occurred in less experienced divers, was associated with significantly lower peak pressures in the middle ear and led to more ear-related symptoms. A preference for the Frenzel technique for middle ear pressure equalisation during freediving was shown. Conclusions: Pressure exposure during freediving had a cumulative effect on the middle ear. Factors such as diving depth, diving experience and number of diving sessions correlated with the occurrence of higher Teed levels.

scholarly journals Does Septoplasty Affect Middle Ear Pressure and Eustachian Tube Function?

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Ilhan Sahin ◽  
Safak Gulec ◽  
Umit Perisan ◽  
Ismail Kulahli
Keyword(s):  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Eustachian Tube Function ◽  
Middle Ear Pressure ◽  
Tube Function

Measuring dynamic Eustachian tube function using tympanometry in a pressure chamber: the effect of nasal betahistine application

2019 ◽  
Vol 133 (7) ◽  
pp. 580-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
B K-H G Franz ◽  
R Patuzzi ◽  
C J Wraight ◽  
G Kay ◽  
A Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Pressure Chamber ◽  
Chamber Pressure ◽  
Eustachian Tube Function ◽  
Hyperbaric Chamber ◽  
Middle Ear Pressure ◽  
Tube Dysfunction ◽  
Tube Function

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effect of topical betahistine on Eustachian tube function in subjectively abnormal subjects in a hyperbaric chamber.MethodActive and passive Eustachian tube function was examined using tympanometry in a pressure chamber.ResultsActive Eustachian tube function was tested against the negative middle ear pressure induced by increasing the chamber pressure to +3 kPa. One voluntary swallow decreased middle-ear pressure by a mean of 1.36 kPa. Passive Eustachian tube function was tested by measuring spontaneous Eustachian tube openings as the chamber pressure dropped from +10 kPa to ambient. Four distinct patterns of Eustachian tube behaviour were seen, three of which indicated Eustachian tube dysfunction. Betahistine had no positive effect on Eustachian tube opening, although previous animal studies had suggested a beneficial effect.ConclusionTopical betahistine had no effect on Eustachian tube function. Combining a hyperbaric chamber with tympanometry proved ideal for evaluating Eustachian tube function.

The Response of the Nasal Airway, Middle Ear, and Eustachian Tube to Experimental Rhinovirus Infection

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Doyle ◽  
Timothy P. McBride ◽  
J. Douglas Swarts ◽  
Frederick G. Hayden ◽  
Jack M. Gwaltney
Keyword(s):  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Nasal Congestion ◽  
Eustachian Tube Function ◽  
Nasal Patency ◽  
Rhinovirus Infection ◽  
Middle Ear Pressure ◽  
Tube Function

This paper describes the longitudinal changes in nasal patency, mucociliary clearance rate, eustachian tube function, and middle ear pressure in a group of 40 volunteers infected with rhinovirus type 39. Thirty-two (80%) of the volunteers were judged to have had a cold based on the modified Jackson criteria. Common symptoms included malaise, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and sneezing that began on the day after challenge and peaked in intensity on days 3–5. Nasal patency evaluated by active posterior rhinomanometry and mucociliary clearance rate evaluated by the dyed sacharrin technique were significantly decreased following challenge. For nasal patency the effect was primarily limited to days 2–8 postchallenge, while abnormalities in clearance rate were documented for as long as 18 days postchallenge. A 50% increased incidence of abnormal eustachian tube function and a 30% increased incidence of abnormal middle ear pressures were observed for days 2–7 postchallenge with a gradual return to baseline by day 16. For mucociliary clearance, eustachian tube function, and middle ear pressure, but not nasal patency, these abnormalities were more pronounced in patients with a symptomatic cold. These results show that changes in nasal physiology resulting from a rhinovirus infection can be objectively quantified and that the resulting pathophysiology extends to anatomically contiguous structures such as the eustachian tube and middle ear.

Nebulized surfactant as a treatment choice for otitis media with effusion: an experimental study in the rabbit

2001 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 363-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhsin Koten ◽  
Cem Uzun ◽  
Recep Yaǧiz ◽  
Mustafa Kemal Adali ◽  
Ahmet Rifat Karasalihoglu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Eustachian Tube Function ◽  
Middle Ear Pressure ◽  
Tube Function ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Exogenous surfactant can improve eustachian tube function in experimentally induced otitis media with effusion (OME). Performing tympanometric recordings, the efficacy of inhaled nebulized surfactant, as compared with inhaled nebulized physiological saline was investigated, for the treatment of OME experimentally induced in the rabbit by intrabullar inoculation of heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae. In addition, the histological changes in middle ears after the treatment were investigated in order to establish whether the pathological findings correlated with the results.Middle-ear pressure values before, and after, treatment were analyzed by the Wilcoxon statistical method, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the post-treatment values between groups. In all ears with OME in the affected animals, which were treated with nebulized surfactant inhalation, a positively significant (p<0.05) increase of pressure more than 20 daPa was recorded. In the control group, after inhalation of nebulized physiological saline, there was no positive increase in the affected middle-ear pressures; on the contrary, more negative pressure changes were recorded. In the histological evaluation, middle-ear epithelia and sub-epithelial space were normal in surfactant-treated ears with OME, whereas mucosal thickening with an oedematous sub-epithelial space containing occasional inflammatory cells and increases in connective tissue and vascularity, and effusions on the epithelial surface were present in the ears with OME in the control group. The significant improvement in the negative middle-ear pressure after nebulized surfactant treatment and the histological findings shown in our study can support the theory that surface-active agents are of importance in eustachian tube function even under pathologic conditions, such as OME.

Eustachian Tube Function and its Relation to Middle Ear Pressure in Children

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. S43-S45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Bylander ◽  
Örjan Tjernström ◽  
Alf Ivarsson ◽  
Lars Andréasson
Keyword(s):  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Eustachian Tube Function ◽  
Middle Ear Pressure ◽  
Tube Function

scholarly journals Effect of nasal obstruction surgery on eustachian tube function and middle ear ventilation

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 1054
Author(s):  
Shiv Kumar Rathaur ◽  
Jagram Verma
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Obstruction ◽  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Favourable Effect ◽  
Middle Ear Surgery ◽  
Eustachian Tube Function ◽  
Middle Ear Pressure ◽  
Middle Ear Ventilation ◽  
Tube Function ◽  
Eustachian Tube Function Test

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of surgery for nasal obstruction in improving Eustachian tube function and middle ear ventilation.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This prospective study involved 60 patients with different nasal pathologies causing nasal obstruction along with complaints of ear fullness. In required cases the nasal pathologies were surgically managed. Pre and postoperative impedance audiometric evaluation and nasal endoscopy were done to assess the eustachian tube function, changes the value of middle ear pressure and ear fullness sensation at 1 month and at 3 months after surgery.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Preoperatively, 56 (93.3%) patients had sensation of ear fullness, postoperatively at 1 month and at 3 months after nasal surgery only 20 (33.3%) patient and 18 (30%) respectively, has sensation of ear fullness, with significant improvement (p&lt;0.05). Preoperatively, 74 (61.6%) ears were type A tympanogram, 50 ears of them had poor eustachian tube function and 24 ears had good Eustachian tube function. 42 (35%) ears were type C, 4 (3.3%) ear were type B tympanogram, all of them had poor eustachian tube function. The postoperative results of eustachian tube function test and tympanometric value were significantly better than preoperative results (p&lt;0.05).</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> We find out that nasal obstruction has a definite relationship with eustachian tube function. Surgery for nasal obstruction has a favourable effect on the middle ear pressure and eustachian tube function. Corrective surgery for nasal obstruction should be considered at least 1 month before undertaking the middle ear surgery to improve middle ear ventilation.</p>

scholarly journals Anterior nasal packing: does it affect middle ear pressure?

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 1316
Author(s):  
K. Pragadeeswaran ◽  
Raj Prakash Yadavkrishnan ◽  
Roopak Visakan Raja
Keyword(s):  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Nasal Packing ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Eustachian Tube Function ◽  
Nasal Surgery ◽  
Middle Ear Pressure ◽  
Septal Surgery ◽  
Tube Function

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Eustachian tube maintains middle ear pressure equal to that of atmosphere. Its function may be deranged due to variety of factors like adenoids, cleft palate, nasogastric tubes, allergy, nasopharyngeal intubations and also by nasal packing following septal surgery. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of anterior nasal packing protocol, on eustachian tube function, followed in our ENT Department for nasal surgeries.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A descriptive study was done on 60 patients undergoing nasal surgery from March to November 2018 was done in the ENT Department of a tertiary care hospital.<strong> </strong>All patients underwent pre-operative otoscopic examination followed by tympanometry. Tympanometry was repeated following nasal surgery with nasal pack in situ and again 24 hours after removal of pack. The results of all these 3 impedance audiometries were tabulated and analysed.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Pre-operatively both ears in all the patients showed type a tympanometry, which implied normal eustachian tube function. Out of 60 patients who underwent nasal surgeries, 40 had abnormal impedance tympanograms immediately after surgery. 26 patients had abnormal impedance tympanogram after pack removal. These patients were treated with nasal decongestants and antibiotics which were routinely prescribed as a post-operative prophylaxis. These patients 1 week after pack removal recorded a normal tympanogram.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Changes in middle ear pressure following nasal packing associated with most nasal surgeries were transient but not severe. Hence, we conclude that anterior nasal packing for 24 hours is considered safe, if no other co-morbid factors for altering middle ear pressures are present.</p>

Primate Model for Studies of Clinical Problems of Middle Ear Functions

1976 ◽  
Vol 85 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Miller ◽  
J. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Eustachian Tube Function ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Middle Ear Pressure ◽  
Tube Function ◽  
Clinical Problems

Eustachian tube and middle ear function has been studied in the acute and chronically prepared Rhesus monkey preparation. Measures have included observations of tympanometry and input impedance of the middle ear, of transmission of energy through the middle ear, of static middle ear pressure and of threshold and suprathreshold hearing. Positive and negative long and short-term static middle ear pressures, the effects of middle ear fluids, and various aspects of Eustachian tube function in both normal and pathologic preparations have been studied. In general our observations indicate that the Old World monkey may provide a model permitting acquisition of quantitative data of a variety of middle ear functions under carefully controlled laboratory conditions, including those requiring measures simply not possible in man.

Effect of nasogastric tubes on Eustachian tube function

1990 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Wake ◽  
D. E. McCullough ◽  
J. D. Binnington
Keyword(s):  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Nasogastric Tube ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Eustachian Tube Function ◽  
Nasogastric Tubes ◽  
Middle Ear Pressure ◽  
Tube Dysfunction ◽  
Tube Function

AbstractThe Eustachian tube acts as pressure equalizing tube between the nasopharynx and the middle ear. It also functions as a conduit for removal of secretions from the middle ear and mastoid air cell system into the post nasal space. Eustachian tube function may be assessed objectively using tympanometric measurements. (Brooks, 1968, Lutman, 1987).The post-operative use of nasogastric Ryles tubes is associated with reduced peak middle ear pressure (mmH2O) and reduced peak compliance volumes (ml) as assessed by tympanometry. In addition changes in the appearance of the tympanic membrane may occur with the protracted use of Ryles tubes. This phenomenon is a transient one.Nasogastric tube-induced Eustachian tube dysfunction is a previously unreported entity.

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