PECULIARITIES OF LEAD DISTRIBUTION IN COAL SEAMS OF DONETSK-MAKIIVKA GEOLOGICAL AND INDUSTRIAL AREA OF DONBAS

The capital of Ciamis Regency has experienced several displacements. During the reign of Raden Adipati Aria Kusumadiningrat the development of the capital was encouraged to develop into a city. After the kulturstelsel era, many European capitalists invested in Ciamis. At the beginning of the 20th century economic infrastructure, especially the means of distribution of commodities is much needed. Building economic facilities have sprung up in several locations in Ciamis. Such conditions result in the development of the city. This study aims to get a picture of the spatial layout of Ciamis and the city development process. The research method applied descriptive research. Data collection is done through direct observation in the field and accompanied by the utilization of instrument in the form of ancient maps. In the area of Ciamis City there are still some old building objects that can be used as a spatial bookmark of the city. At a glance the city's development spontaneously, but visible on the basis of existing infrastructure, in the 20th century the city of Ciamis showed a planned city. The growth of Ciamis city is of course influenced by several factors including economic and geographical factors.Keywords: city, layout, planned, industrial area

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Bioadsorption of Multiple Heavy Metal Ions by Rhizophora Apiculate sp. and Elaesis Guineensis sp.

Scientific Research Journal ◽

10.24191/srj.v14i1.2699 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 15

Author(s):

M.B. Nicodemus Ujih ◽

Mohammad Isa Mohamadin ◽

Milla-Armila Asli ◽

Bebe Norlita Mohammed

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Metal Ions ◽

Removal Efficiency ◽

Heavy Metal Ions ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Living Organism ◽

Heavy Metal Concentration ◽

Industrial Area ◽

Electrochemical Treatment ◽

Chemical Oxidation

Heavy metal ions contamination has become more serious which is caused by the releasing of toxic water from industrial area and landfill that are very harmful to all living organism especially human and can even cause death if contaminated in small amount of heavy metal concentration. Currently, peoples are using classic method namely electrochemical treatment, chemical oxidation/reduction, chemical precipitation and reverse osmosis to eliminate the metal ions from toxic water. Unfortunately, these methods are costly and not environmentally friendly as compared to bioadsorption method, where agricultural waste is used as biosorbent to remove heavy metals. Two types of agricultural waste used in this research namely oil palm mesocarp fiber (Elaesis guineensis sp.) (OPMF) and mangrove bark (Rhizophora apiculate sp.) (MB) biomass. Through chemical treatment, the removal efficiency was found to improve. The removal efficiency is examined based on four specification namely dosage, of biosorbent to adsorb four types of metals ion explicitly nickel, lead, copper, and chromium. The research has found that the removal efficiency of MB was lower than OPMF; whereas, the multiple metals ions removal efficiency decreased in the order of Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Ni2+ > Cr2+.

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