Against Formal Causation in Non-conscious Nature

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-184
Author(s):  
Arthur Ward

The problem of natural teleology in biology has traditionally focused on reconciling Aristotle’s efficient and final causation. In this paper, however, I emphasize the importance of formal causation in natural teleological explanations and suggest that undermining its legitimacy is a backdoor route to undermining natural teleology itself. Formal causation, I argue, represents the “phenotype” of an object, to use a familiar word from genetics. This means that formal causes specify not only intrinsic “genotypic” qualities of an object but also a range of environments in which the object is “properly” to inhabit. Such environmental specificity is possible through conscious activity, but is not found anywhere in non-conscious nature. Das Problem der natürlichen Teleologie ist traditionellerweise darin gesehen worden, Aristoteles’ Wirkursache und seine Finalursache miteinander zu vereinbaren. Dagegen betone ich in diesem Aufsatz die Bedeutung der formalen Verursachung in natürlichen teleologischen Erklärungen. Wenn man ihre Legitimität untergräbt, so lege ich nahe, untergräbt man gleichsam durch die Hintertür natürliche Teleologie als solche. Ich argumentiere, dass formale Verursachung den „Phänotyp“ eines Objekts darstellt, um ein geläufiges Wort aus der Genetik zu verwenden. Dies bedeutet, dass formale Ursachen nicht nur intrinsische „genotypische“ Eigenschaften eines Objekts spezifizieren, sondern auch eine Bandbreite von Umgebungen, in denen das Objekt „im eigentlichen Sinn“ angesiedelt sein sollte. Diese Spezifizierung der Umgebung ist durch bewusste Aktivität möglich, findet sich aber nirgendwo in der nicht-bewussten Natur.

Author(s):  
Olga Gloria Barbón Pérez ◽  
Julia Añorga Morales

El esclarecimiento de algunas de las concepciones que constituyen la base de los procesos de profesionalización pedagógica es un paso esencial para el éxito de los mismos. El presente artículo tiene como propósito aunar reflexiones que posibiliten un acercamiento hacia una concepción teórico-metodológica de los procesos de profesionalización pedagógica en la Educación Superior.El diseño y la puesta en práctica de los procesos de profesionalización pedagógica en la Educación Superior no pueden ser improvisados. Exigen, como actividad consciente, la consideración de determinados presupuestos teóricos y metodológicos que lo sustenten, y de su consideración como proceso pedagógico especial. Palabras clave: concepción teórica, concepción metodológica, profesionalización pedagógica.   ABSTRACT   Gaining on clarity concerning some of the conceptions that lie under the pedagogical professionalization processes is an essential step towards their own success. The article focuses on gathering insights that help get a more comprehensive understanding of a theoretic-methodological conception of the pedagogical professionalization processes in higher education. Both design and practice of these processes can not be improvised. They demand, as any other conscious activity, to take into account theoretical and methodological grounds and their consideration as a especial pedagogical process.   Key words: theoretical conception, methodological grounds, pedagogical professionalization.   Clarifying some of the concepts that form the basis of the processes of pedagogical professionalization is an essential step for their success.  This paper aims to join some reflections that enable the approaching to a theoretical-methodological conception of the processes of pedagogical professionalization in Higher Education.  Designing and implementing the processes of pedagogical professionalization cannot be improvised.  They demand, as a conscious activity, the consideration of certain supporting assumptions in theory and method, and their consideration as a special pedagogical process.   Keywords: theoretical conception, methodological conception, pedagogical professionalization. Recibido: Julio 2013 Aprobado: Agosto 2013


Kant-Studien ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-77
Author(s):  
Khafiz Kerimov

Abstract The first section of Kant’s Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals contains a teleological argument, the aim of which is to show that the natural purpose of human reason lies not in securing happiness but in morality. While the teleological argument is widely considered to be digressive and unconvincing in the secondary literature, in this article I attempt to show that the argument is neither digressive nor unconvincing. I argue that it fulfills an important synthetic task in the Groundwork (even if in a preliminary manner), that it is consistent with Kant’s views on natural teleology at the time, and that the criticism of happiness contained therein is as convincing as Kant’s criticism of happiness in the rest of the treatise.


Author(s):  
Sigurd Hverven ◽  
Thomas Netland

AbstractThis article discusses Hans Jonas’ argument for teleology in living organisms, in light of recently raised concerns over enactivism’s “Jonasian turn.” Drawing on textual resources rarely discussed in contemporary enactivist literature on Jonas’ philosophy, we reconstruct five core ideas of his thinking: 1) That natural science’s rejection of teleology is methodological rather than ontological, and thus not a proof of its non-existence; 2) that denial of the reality of teleology amounts to a performative self-contradiction; 3) that the fact of evolution makes it implausible that only humans actualize purpose; 4) that the concept of metabolism delimits and gestures towards beings performing purposive activity; and 5) that concrete encounters with living organisms are indispensable for the judgment that they are purposive. Lastly, we draw attention to how Jonas’ understanding of teleology and inwardness in nonhuman life in terms of degrees of identity with human life poses a problem for his view. In this way, we hope to clarify what Jonas, as an important source of inspiration for the enactivist project, is proposing.


PROTOPLASMA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Trewavas

AbstractLacking an anatomical brain/nervous system, it is assumed plants are not conscious. The biological function of consciousness is an input to behaviour; it is adaptive (subject to selection) and based on information. Complex language makes human consciousness unique. Consciousness is equated to awareness. All organisms are aware of their surroundings, modifying their behaviour to improve survival. Awareness requires assessment too. The mechanisms of animal assessment are neural while molecular and electrical in plants. Awareness of plants being also consciousness may resolve controversy. The integrated information theory (IIT), a leading theory of consciousness, is also blind to brains, nerves and synapses. The integrated information theory indicates plant awareness involves information of two kinds: (1) communicative, extrinsic information as a result of the perception of environmental changes and (2) integrated intrinsic information located in the shoot and root meristems and possibly cambium. The combination of information constructs an information nexus in the meristems leading to assessment and behaviour. The interpretation of integrated information in meristems probably involves the complex networks built around [Ca2+]i that also enable plant learning, memory and intelligent activities. A mature plant contains a large number of conjoined, conscious or aware, meristems possibly unique in the living kingdom.


Author(s):  
Robert V Randolph ◽  
Hanqing ‘Chevy’ Fang ◽  
Esra Memili ◽  
Dilek Zamantili Nayir

This article will critically analyse the sources and the role of knowledge diversity in informing causation logics in family firms. Family firms rely on knowledge resources from both intra-family and extra-family sources, which may require different approaches to effectively manage. We argue that as family firms acquire greater knowledge diversity, family-centred effectuation processes become limited and they will increasingly rely on formal causation logics to coordinate these resources. However, we expect this relationship to differ when knowledge diversity is sourced from either family or non-family sources. Empirical analyses of 242 small- and medium-sized family firms indicate that knowledge diversity positively affects a firm’s reliance on causation logics, regardless of the source of that diversity. This suggests that the affinity of family firms to leverage effectuation logics may not be characteristic of family firms in general, but instead may be an artefact of firm reliance on knowledge capital concentrated in family owners.


Phronesis ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Christopher Isaac Noble

Abstract According to a straightforward reading of Enn. 6.2.21, all principles (logoi) in nature have their origin in corresponding features of a divine Intellect. But interpreters have often advocated more restricted readings of Intellect’s contents. These restricted readings are based in part on other textual evidence, and in part on the concern that a more expansive reading would require Intellect to think objects that are of trivial value (‘the value problem’) or whose purposes depend upon facts about sensible reality to which it has no access (‘the teleology problem’). I argue that restricted readings are not well supported, and that Plotinus is committed to his more expansive conception of Intellect’s contents by his understanding of Plato’s paradeigmatism.


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