Regulation of Cytosolic pH: The Contributions of Plant Plasma Membrane H+-ATPases and Multiple Transporters

Cytosolic pH homeostasis is a precondition for the normal growth and stress responses in plants, and H+ flux across the plasma membrane is essential for cytoplasmic pH control. Hence, this review focuses on seven types of proteins that possess direct H+ transport activity, namely, H+-ATPase, NHX, CHX, AMT, NRT, PHT, and KT/HAK/KUP, to summarize their plasma-membrane-located family members, the effect of corresponding gene knockout and/or overexpression on cytosolic pH, the H+ transport pathway, and their functional regulation by the extracellular/cytosolic pH. In general, H+-ATPases mediate H+ extrusion, whereas most members of other six proteins mediate H+ influx, thus contributing to cytosolic pH homeostasis by directly modulating H+ flux across the plasma membrane. The fact that some AMTs/NRTs mediate H+-coupled substrate influx, whereas other intra-family members facilitate H+-uncoupled substrate transport, demonstrates that not all plasma membrane transporters possess H+-coupled substrate transport mechanisms, and using the transport mechanism of a protein to represent the case of the entire family is not suitable. The transport activity of these proteins is regulated by extracellular and/or cytosolic pH, with different structural bases for H+ transfer among these seven types of proteins. Notably, intra-family members possess distinct pH regulatory characterization and underlying residues for H+ transfer. This review is anticipated to facilitate the understanding of the molecular basis for cytosolic pH homeostasis. Despite this progress, the strategy of their cooperation for cytosolic pH homeostasis needs further investigation.

Special aspects of intergenerational intra-family conflicts during the pandemic

The article deals with intergenerational conflicts within the family during the COVID-19 pandemic. The author reveals the topic of small groups isolation in the professional sphere: sailors, cosmonauts, polar explorers, members of long research expeditions. The topic of isolation is not new to psychology, since scientists in the middle of the last century faced this problem when they began to send expeditions to the poles, astronauts into space, etc. It analyses articles on the subject of isolation during the pandemic and reveals a mixed view of how families behave during this difficult time for society.

A Far-Reaching Parental Love? Co-Governance of Intergenerational Succession and Innovation Activities in Chinese Family Firms

ABSTRACT Motivated by the research gap on intergenerational succession dynamics of family firms, this study examines the effects of initiating intergenerational succession on firms' innovation activities. We propose that initiation of intra-family succession can result in founder–successor co-governance that represents a strategic transition to the succession and incorporates the two conflicting yet complementary directions of change and continuity. Grounded in the theory of altruism, we suggest that co-governance will positively affect firms' innovation activities and that this positive link is contingent on the idiosyncratic intra-family relationships of kinship type, age difference, and gender difference between the founder and the successor. Furthermore, we posit that co-governance will lead to a flow of resources to low risk, rather than more inventive but higher risk, innovations. Based on the unbalanced panel data of 4,694 firm-year observations in our sample from listed Chinese family firms during the 2006–2015 period, empirical analysis supports our hypotheses and confirms that when examining family firms' innovation, there is a need to take the heterogeneity of the intra-family governance structure more fully into consideration.

Role Distribution in High-Resource Multi-Child Families

Researches note the family role transformation that is most distributed among the young, educated and wealthier groups of the population. However, multi-child families are unnoticed among these social groups. At the same time, educated multi-child families with a relatively high level of income (high-resource multi-child families) are of particular research interest, having distinctive features from families with fewer children and similar indicators due to the volume of intra-family load. Based on the analysis of the in-depth interviews conducted by the author, it is shown the coexistence of patriarchal and egalitarian practices in the distribution of family roles in high-resource multi-child families. The role associated with the material support of the family can be considered as a patriarchal one, whereas there is a prevalence of egalitarian values in the private sphere – men are actively involved in the sphere of household and affairs related to children. The level of workload and the amount of necessary resources requires the most effective use of intra-family resources (including attracting older children to participate in family affairs), as well as the involvement of external assistants, in particular the active use of social capital, which can be the closest relatives (usually grandmothers) or friends. At the same time, the key role of the “family manager”, who controls the private sphere of the family, belongs to women, who also serve as the main source of emotional investment in the family. The work notes not only the over-employment of fathers in the labor market and mothers in the private sphere, partially accompanied by employment in the economy, but also a high level of involvement of children in the educational process. It is concluded that it is the contribution of each family member, including older children, allows them to be high-resource families.

Military Politics

This chapter is concerned with military politics. It views the kingdoms as family states and weighs the domestic threats they face from conflicts pertaining to succession and intra-family divisions. The downsides of one of the structural aspects of these states—for example, the immense power of a few individuals to make weighty decisions—is critically examined. Attention is also devoted to the weakness of domestic political opposition, threats from abroad, and the methods GCC states have employed to repress them. In the last section, the focus shifts to civil-military relations as the methods Gulf monarchies have developed to keep their armies loyal are assessed such as the creation of privileged units and forces, the fostering of institutional rivalries between various elements, and the exclusion of certain sectarian communities from security sector employment. In short, this chapter is devoted to institutional analysis and explores how political and structural factors impede the Gulf armies’ effectiveness.

Regional heterogeneity in coral species richness and hue reveals novel global predictors of reef fish intra-family diversity

Habitat heterogeneity shapes biological communities, a well-known process in terrestrial ecosystems but substantially unresolved within coral reef ecosystems. We investigated the extent to which coral richness predicts intra-family fish richness, while simultaneously integrating a striking aspect of reef ecosystems—coral hue. To do so, we quantified the coral richness, coral hue diversity, and species richness within 25 fish families in 74 global ecoregions. We then expanded this to an analysis of all reef fishes (4465 species). Considering coral bleaching as a natural experiment, we subsequently examined hue's contribution to fish communities. Coral species and hue diversity significantly predict each family's fish richness, with the highest correlations (> 80%) occurring in damselfish, butterflyfish, emperors and rabbitfish, lower (60–80%) in substrate-bound and mid-water taxa such as blennies, seahorses, and parrotfish, and lowest (40–60%) in sharks, morays, grunts and triggerfish. The observed trends persisted globally. Coral bleaching's homogenization of reef colouration revealed hue’s contribution to maintaining fish richness, abundance, and recruit survivorship. We propose that each additional coral species and associated hue provide added ecological opportunities (e.g. camouflage, background contrast for intraspecific display), facilitating the evolution and co-existence of diverse fish assemblages.

THE FAMILY AGREEMENT

The family pact introduced in the civil code by Law n. 55 of 2006 is an institution (expressly) derogating from the ordinary rules of the necessary succession, objectively and subjectively qualified and characterized by a very specific purpose consisting in ensuring the integrity and stability of a company compendium on theoccasion of an intra-family transmission deed of the same.With the positivization of the institute, the legislator intended to balance the need to protect the rights of the legitimates of an entrepreneur on the one hand and the need to avoid the disintegration of the business complex following the establishment of the state of hereditary communion on the other. the same, with the intention of safeguarding the productivity of the company and the related super-individual interests that arise from it.

Arta gestionării conflictelor și crizelor familiale

Intra-family conflicts represent a clash between family members generated by their social attitude and position. Arguments avoidance within a marriage is due to certain rules established in advance by the partners on how to behave with each other. It is important that one should follow them when the situations become tensed as well. Happy couples argue correctly and assume the consequences of their words and actions.