Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) infestation of cuscuses from Maluku Province, Indonesia

Background and Aim: Cuscuses are one of the endemic Indonesian marsupials, which needs to be protected and revived in terms of the numbers and range of species. Ectoparasites of ticks (Ixodidae) are one potential obstacle to cuscus conservation. Tick infestation can cause blood loss in the host, even being a predisposing factor for infection with pathogenic organisms. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, infestation intensity, and species of ticks present on cuscuses in Maluku Province, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Ticks were collected from cuscuses origin of the four regions in Maluku Province, namely the island of Ambon, Seram Island, Romang Island, and Wetar Island . Cuscuses were captured at night, with ticks being collected from them from the head to the tip of the tail. The tick samples obtained from the cuscuses were preserved, identified, and counted. Cuscuses were released back into their habitat after collecting the ticks. The obtained ticks were observed using an Olympus BX51 microscope with an Olympus DP12 digital camera and prepared for examination under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Infestation rate, infestation intensity, and morphology of the species were described. Results: The cuscuses were found to be infested with Ixodes cordifer ticks. Cuscuses in Maluku Province had a low tick infestation rate. The range of infestation prevalence of island origin cuscuses in Maluku was between 14.28% and 16.67%. Simultaneously, I. cordifer infestation level was mildly infested based on the intensity of thick infestation ranged from 1 to 1.2 ticks per cuscus. From observation of the tick surface structure under SEM, sexual dimorphism and various specific characteristics of the ticks were identified. Conclusion: The low infestation rate of I. cordifer ticks in cuscus was influenced by the up and down movement of the conscious activity in the tree, which allowed minimal contact with the ticks. The infestation prevalence rates on each island studied were similar. Such similarities of infestation are related to the similarity of cuscus species among Ambon, Lakor, Seram, and Romang islands, which are all included in the Phalangeridae family, and their similar habitats, behaviors, climatic conditions, and geographical areas.

CONTEMPLATION: THE RATIO OF CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS

"In psychological science, the concept of contemplation is not included in the most important categories of psychology, such as activity, consciousness, personality. The dictionary meanings of the term “contemplation” are ambiguous. In psychology, in addition to the categorical analysis of contemplation (S.L. Rubinstein) and its attribution to fundamental concepts (A.V. Brushlinsky), there are also interpretations of contemplation, which are synonymous to intuition (A. Bergson) and meditation (V.F. Petrenko, Han F. De Wit), insight (preconceptual thinking - T.K. Rulina), mystical states (W. James, P.S. Gurevich). Contemplation, unlike intuition, meditation and insight, does not have a previous reportable history. In our studies, contemplation is considered as an unconscious mental phenomenon that exists in the forms of a process, state, and also the properties of an individual (contemplative personality). Not coinciding with the processes of attention, memory, perception, thinking, etc., contemplation, however, is activated on their basis. The difference lies in the uncontrollability of this process, since its contents are not presented to consciousness. Therefore, contemplation is also different from dreams, experiences, intentions and other internally substantive mental phenomena. Despite the fact that consciousness does not have access to the content of contemplation (access-consciousness), the process itself is realized by man. In this we see the difference between contemplation as unconscious activity and Freudian understanding of the unconscious. Other differences are: involuntary entry and random exit from the state of contemplation; emotional equipotentiality of contemplation, i.e. the invariability of the emotional background of contemplation from the beginning to the exit from it. In ontogenesis, contemplation is most clearly represented in infancy, in youth, and in old age, as well as during periods of age and other life crises. Reminiscences of students record the age range from 11 to 17 years as the most saturated with contemplation; least at the age of 6-8 years (L.S. Akopian). Contemplation as an unconscious activity periodically replaces purposeful activity, contributing to the maturation, correction, transformation of the person’s life meanings in their micro-, meso- and macro-macro dimensions. Contemplation also fulfills the function of partially liberating oneself from an excess of affairs, concerns, plans, aspirations, and other forms of conscious activity. The development of practice-oriented forms of actualization of contemplation will expand the range of psychotherapeutic methods."

Awareness and integrated information theory identify plant meristems as sites of conscious activity

Lacking an anatomical brain/nervous system, it is assumed plants are not conscious. The biological function of consciousness is an input to behaviour; it is adaptive (subject to selection) and based on information. Complex language makes human consciousness unique. Consciousness is equated to awareness. All organisms are aware of their surroundings, modifying their behaviour to improve survival. Awareness requires assessment too. The mechanisms of animal assessment are neural while molecular and electrical in plants. Awareness of plants being also consciousness may resolve controversy. The integrated information theory (IIT), a leading theory of consciousness, is also blind to brains, nerves and synapses. The integrated information theory indicates plant awareness involves information of two kinds: (1) communicative, extrinsic information as a result of the perception of environmental changes and (2) integrated intrinsic information located in the shoot and root meristems and possibly cambium. The combination of information constructs an information nexus in the meristems leading to assessment and behaviour. The interpretation of integrated information in meristems probably involves the complex networks built around [Ca2+]i that also enable plant learning, memory and intelligent activities. A mature plant contains a large number of conjoined, conscious or aware, meristems possibly unique in the living kingdom.

�Oedipus the King� by Sophocles in the Immanent Interpretation of Emil Staiger

by the famous Swiss literary scholar Emil Staiger and to present it to Ukrainian explorers for the first time. Due to the complex application of the historical-cultural, comparative, descriptive methods, the methods of linguistic-stylistic and figurative analysis, the authentic change of the traditional angle of interpretation has been identified: it eliminates the motif of the ancestral curse based on the Theban cycle of myths and shifts the emphasis on personal guilt. It is established that Staiger departs from the traditional explanation of category ??????? as �error� and interprets it as a deep cause of offense, which lies within ourselves, but is devoid of malice, which weighs all the consequences and pursues a specific goal. A �plastic Greek� perceives his guilt as destiny, and destiny differs from conscious activity. It is noted that the researcher distinguishes the work of Sophocles from a number of �tragedies of fate�, recognizing the oracle as a core element of dramatic tension creation. Moreover, the oracle is not interpreted as a symbol of blind reign of eternal fate, but only as a sign of infinite divine knowledge. Thus, the central conflict of the tragedy is the antagonism between Apollo and Oedipus, the god and the mortal: it is not a matter of showing that everything on earth is predetermined, but of distinguishing between infallible knowledge of god and limited knowledge of man and illustrating the gap between man and god. �Know thyself!� � know that you are a human, not a god � this famous aphorism can be considered the idea of tragedy, and Oedipus is the embodiment of the finiteness of human knowledge. It is stated that due to the motive of the court the whole tragedy is perceived as a model of Staiger�s dramatic style (observability of the action, brief description of the characters, conciseness of language). It is notable that the role of judge takes the protagonist himself and he finds the criminal in himself. So the movement returns to its starting point: the circle composition in �Oedipus the King� becomes a loop that is tightened around the neck of the hero. The interpreter names it �tragic irony�, which permeates the semantic outline of the work (especially the double meaning of the words of the characters) and it is manifested in each plot (the man himself fulfils the prophecy, trying hard to divert it). Staiger`s distinctive interpretation of the problem of freedom is emphasized: no matter how deceived Oedipus goes, he comes to admit his guilt and realize the need for punishment, and in the choice of punishment lies his freedom. Ultimately, Oedipus must be defeated in order to preserve the truth of the divine word. However, wilful acceptance of punishment is not a reconciliation of freedom (the hero fought against his fate) and necessity (he lost the fight against fate) in the classical sense, but rather it is related to the tragic emotions, which cause admiration.

ARTISTIC EMBROIDERY AS A FACTOR OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RELATIONS BETWEEN THE DESIGN AND ARTISTIC MODELING OF CLOTHING

This article discusses the main aspects of intersubject relations of the subject "Modeling and artistic design of clothing" with special disciplines of professional training of bachelors in the field of artistic embroidery – such as" Performing skills in artistic embroidery"," Improving skills in artistic embroidery"," Technology and materials science"," Technical drawing"," General composition"," Design"," Academic painting"," Decorative painting"," Academic drawing"," Decorative drawing","color Science and coloristics". Attention is drawn to the fact that the work programs of academic subjects based on interdisciplinary connections affect the development of independence, conscious activity, and cognitive interests of students.

W. von Bechterew. Bewusstsein und Hirnlocalisation. Rede gehalten auf der allgemeinen Versammlung des VI. Kongresses russischer Ärzte zur Erinnerung an. N. J. Pirogoff. Deutsch R. von Weinberg. Leipzig. 1898

The appearance of the translation into the German language of the work of prof. V. M. Bekhtereva "On the localization of conscious activity in animals and humans" should be noted because the named work is of great interest not only for a specialist, but also for anyone interested in experimental psychology - even more that its presentation is generally available.

COMPREHENSIVE DIAGNOSIS OF SELF-DIRECTION IN MIDCHILDHOOD CHILDREN WITH BEHAVIOR DISORDERS

Исследуется проблема саморегуляции поведения младших школьников. Отобран комплекс диагностических методик для изучения саморегуляции детей младшего школьного возраста с нормативным и нарушенным поведением (различной этиологии). Изложены результаты эмпирического исследования по диагностике саморегуляции у детей младшего школьного возраста с нарушениями поведения и нормативным поведением. Приведён качественно-количественный анализ полученных данных. Результаты исследования показали саморегуляции. This article considers the problem of self-direction diagnostics in midchildhood students with behavior disorders. The idea of importance of self-direction as an important component of conscious activity is confirmed. It is known that researchers lack the united psychological tools that can be used for both groups of children: those-ones that have ADHD medical diagnosis and those in whom behavioral disorders can be shown up phenomenologically using their parents observations. The diagnostic complex for the study of self-direction of midchildhood children is presented.

The Possibility of Legal Politics: Between Fate and Utopia

This chapter investigates the conditions that must be fulfilled if it is to be meaningful to develop a legal politics that would provide guidance to the legislator. It is argued that in general, the necessary precondition for politics conceived as a technique for influencing society with the aid of rational methods is the assumption that rational deliberations and arguments are among the factors determining human action. Accordingly, in the realm of legal politics, the decisive question is whether and to what extent the law is created by the legislator’s ‘will’, understood as an expression of a conscious activity determined by rational deliberations and rational arguments; or whether and to what extent the law is created in a process that is independent thereof. The chapter considers and dismisses two extreme but equally untenable views: the prophets of fate and the utopians. Instead, it argues for a balanced view. Legal politics is possible because the legislator is not impotent. However, the possibilities of legal politics are limited because the legislator is not omnipotent, either. The legislator encounters social forces (in particular legal consciousness, economic interests, and power relations) that cannot be invoked by mere words. On the other hand, it is not a question of a permanent and impassable barrier, either.

Logic of faith and deed. The idea and an outline of the theoretical conception

This paper discusses the theoretical assumptions behind the conception of the logic of faith and deed (LF&D) and outlines its formal-axiomatic frame and its method of construction, which enable us to understand it as a kind of deductive science. The paper is divided into several sections, starting with the logical analysis of the ambiguous terms of ‚faith’ and ‚action’, and focusing in particular on the concepts of religious faith and deed as a type of conscious activity relating to a matter or matters of social importance. After outlining the main ideas and basic assumptions of the theoretical conception of the LF&D as an axiomatic theory, the author introduces some axiom systems for: 1) the logics of faith LF (doxastic logics), 2) the logic of deed LD, and 3) certain logics of norms DL (deontic logics) connected with „duties” and concerning actions/deeds. Lastly, the paper outlines the scientific LF&D based on the three types of logic 1)–3).