The chapter outlines philosophical and prescientific ideas regarding emotion, as well as early physiological and psychological discoveries that formed the basis upon which modern neuropsychology rests. In addition, to elucidate developments throughout the history of the neuropsychological study of emotion, the chapter discusses important theoretical considerations in emotion research. The central focus of the chapter, however, is on neuropsychological studies beginning in the mid-twentieth century. These studies are organized into important areas in the study of emotion, such as laterality, emotional expression, emotional perception, and emotional experience. Finally, the chapter provides information regarding the measurement of emotion via neuropsychological test batteries.