Cohort Changes in Illegal Drug Use among Arrestees in Manhattan: From the Heroin Injection Generation to the Blunts Generation

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) symbolized a comprehensive change to the nation's welfare system. Despite several provisions within PRWORA that focus on the use of illegal drugs, few studies have attempted to identify the prevalence of illegal drug use among welfare recipients. Moreover, no scholarly works have compared rates of drug use in welfare-receiving populations to those of non-welfare-receiving populations with an objective measure of drug use. In the current study, urine specimens were collected from 1,572 arrestees interviewed through Houston's Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program in 1999. Drug positive rates are compared between welfare-receiving arrestees ( n = 116), non-welfare receiving arrestees living below the poverty level ( n = 539), and non-welfare receiving arrestees living above the poverty level ( n = 917). Welfare-receiving arrestees were more likely to be female, older, less educated, and to test positive for opiates and benzodiazepines than the other subgroups. Implications for welfare reform policy are discussed in light of the current findings.

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Does Drug Use Lower Wages?

ILR Review ◽

10.1177/001979399204500301 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 419-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Andrew M. Gill ◽

Robert J. Michaels

Keyword(s):

Drug Use ◽

Drug Users ◽

Illegal Drug ◽

Longitudinal Survey ◽

Selection Effects ◽

Illegal Drug Use ◽

Employment Effects ◽

Soft Drugs ◽

Hard Drugs ◽

Unobservable Factors

This study, using microdata from the 1980 and 1984 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, examines the effects of drug use on wages and employment. Contrary to most previous researchers' findings that illegal drug use negatively affects earnings, this analysis suggests that, once an allowance is made for self-selection effects (that is, unobservable factors simultaneously affecting wages and the decision to use drugs), drug users actually received higher wages than non-drug users. A similar analysis of employment effects shows that the sample of all drug users (which included users of “hard” and “soft” drugs) had lower employment levels than non-drug users, but the smaller sample consisting only of users of hard drugs, surprisingly, did not.

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When Officials Govern

The Puzzle of Prison Order ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190672492.003.0003 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 44-61

Author(s):

David Skarbek

Keyword(s):

Drug Use ◽

Everyday Life ◽

Latin American ◽

Illegal Drug ◽

Governance Mechanism ◽

Illegal Drug Use ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Use Of Resources ◽

The Everyday ◽

Prison Populations

3 shows how in Nordic counties, prison officials provide significantly more resources, more competent administration, and higher-quality governance than is found in Latin American prisons. As a result, prisoners have few reasons to spend time, energy, and resources on providing these same goods and services. The chapter goes on to show that there are few prisoner-created organizations with relatively little influence on the everyday life of prisoners, and social norms are the predominant governance mechanism in place as small prison populations make gossip and ostracism powerful tools for punishing bad behavior. Even in the sphere of illegal drug use, prisoners do not use markets to coordinate the use of resources, relying instead on a system of sharing.

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Advocacy of Illegal Drug Use

Censorship and Student Communication in Online and Offline Settings - Advances in Educational Marketing, Administration, and Leadership ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-9519-1.ch010 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 108-121

Keyword(s):

Drug Use ◽

First Amendment ◽

Free Speech ◽

United States Supreme Court ◽

Supreme Court Decision ◽

Illegal Drug ◽

United States Supreme ◽

Student Speech ◽

Illegal Drug Use ◽

Speech Clause

This chapter examines the Morse v. Frederick (2007) case – the most recent United States Supreme Court decision about students' right to free speech under the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment. It discusses the test created in the case for determining the extent of school-censorship authority over student speech. This test, known as the Morse test, allows schools to censor student speech if the speech advocates illegal drug use. The ultimate goal of the chapter is to analyze the Morse v. Frederick case in order to determine if it gives schools any authority to censor students' off-campus speech.

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