SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF WOUND-HEALING SOFT DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF SERVICEMEN AT THE HOSPITAL STAGE

The aim of this articleis to present research focused on the scientific grounding and development of a modern Ukrainian-made medical preparation with a complex effect for local treatment of wounds, in the form of an ointment, capable of anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and local anesthetic effect, and which does not require frequent changes in the treatment of wounded military personnel.

Healthcare in the Netherlands

What do we know about the Netherlands — a small country in western Europe? This state is home to about 17 million inhabitants who are fluent in at least two languages. Contrary to popular belief that the Netherlands is the birthplace of tulips, these flowers were brought there from Turkey in the 16th century, and only then became the real treasure of this country [2]. The Netherlands became the first country in the world to legalize euthanasia. Prostitution was legalized there in 2001, and women of easy virtue even have the right to a pension when they reach a certain age. It is allowed to drink alcohol from the age of 16 in the Netherlands, and soft drugs can legally be purchased in coffee shops. The Netherlands is also distinguished by a very high percentage of «home birth» cases — every fifth resident of this country gave birth to her child outside the hospital. The Netherlands is sometimes mistakenly called Holland, but this is fundamentally wrong: only two of the 12 districts have such a name — North and South Holland. This fact has been fixed at the state level most recently — all government facilities,institutions, embassies are obliged to refer to this country exclusively as the Kingdom of the Netherlands from now on.

MARKETING AUDIT OF UKRAINIAN PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET FOR LOCAL TREATMENT ACNE AND DEMODICOSIS

The aim: To conduct a marketing audit of the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine for acne and demodicosis medications. Materials and methods: The study used marketing methods of analysis, survey, observation methods and reference literature – State Register of Medicines of Ukraine of the State Expert Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. Results: As a result of marketing audit of retail audit data of pharmacy sales revealed that the leading sales in packaging is MNL benzylbenzoate, the share of which reached in different years from 45% to 32%, which was 1380902 and 647576 packages per year, respectively, in second place – metronidazole , benzoyl peroxide, zinc ointment and sulfur ointment respectively. Conclusions: According to our analysis, it has been found that the highest sales volume (in packs) are of the low-cost brands, which are the most economically available and have the most effective therapeutic effect. Therefore, it is important to create multicomponent soft drugs in the form of cream and gel based on metronidazole, benzyl benzoate and benzoyl peroxide.

„Dopalacze” – nieprzewidywalne narkotyki. Problem społeczno-prawny

The aim of this article is to present the problem of new psy­choactive substances – designer drugs. New drugs are undoubt­edly a social and legal problem. The existing legal regulations lag behind the producers of designer drugs who use all the avail­able methods to bypass the law, which is a kind of race between criminals and the legislator. In the author’s opinion the current methods used by the Polish legislator are not effective. Prohibi­tion policy has led to the emergence of new deadly agents such as designer drugs. When looking for an answer to the question of how to fight new drugs, we need to look at various instruments, not just the criminal law. According to the author the adoption of a liberal strategy involving the legalization of soft drugs is an effective solution. Legal soft drugs would put an end to the prev­alence of high-risk designer drugs.

The Impact of Carboxylesterases in Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics

Background:Carboxylesterases (CES) play a critical role in catalyzing hydrolysis of esters, amides, carbamates and thioesters, as well as bioconverting prodrugs and soft drugs. The unique tissue distribution of CES enzymes provides great opportunities to design prodrugs or soft drugs for tissue targeting. Marked species differences in CES tissue distribution and catalytic activity are particularly challenging in human translation.Methods:Review and summarization of CES fundamentals and applications in drug discovery and development.Results:Human CES1 is one of the most highly expressed drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver, while human intestine only expresses CES2. CES enzymes have moderate to high inter-individual variability and exhibit low to no expression in the fetus, but increase substantially during the first few months of life. The CES genes are highly polymorphic and some CES genetic variants show significant influence on metabolism and clinical outcome of certain drugs. Monkeys appear to be more predictive of human pharmacokinetics for CES substrates than other species. Low risk of clinical drug-drug interaction is anticipated for CES, although they should not be overlooked, particularly interaction with alcohols. CES enzymes are moderately inducible through a number of transcription factors and can be repressed by inflammatory cytokines.Conclusion:Although significant advances have been made in our understanding of CESs, in vitro - in vivo extrapolation of clearance is still in its infancy and further exploration is needed. In vitro and in vivo tools are continuously being developed to characterize CES substrates and inhibitors.