scholarly journals Cities, Conflict, and Corridors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhei Kitamura ◽  
Nils-Petter Lagerlöf
Keyword(s):  
European History ◽  
State Structure ◽  
Effective Distance ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Shortest Distance ◽  
Two Cities

In this paper we propose that state structure in European history is linked to how geography affects the effective distance between state capitals. First we document that military battles tend to occur close to the shortest-distance corridors between the capitals of the belligerent powers, *except* where that corridor is intercepted by certain types of geography, specifically seas, mountains, and marshes. Geography thus seems to have influenced the effective military distance between the belligerents’ capitals. Then we explore similar corridors between a multitude of European cities, documenting two patterns: (1) state capitals tend to be closer to each other when the geography between them is more separating, as measured by similar types of geography found to affect battle locations; (2) controlling for distance, the likelihood that any two cities are located in the same state decreases with the same types of geography between them. We present a model consistent with these patterns.

scholarly journals Why Earthquakes Threaten Two Major European Cities: Istanbul and Bucharest

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Houseman
Keyword(s):  
Upper Mantle ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
European Continent ◽  
European Cities ◽  
The North ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
The City ◽  
Large Earthquakes ◽  
Better Than

Istanbul and Bucharest are major European cities that face a continuing threat of large earthquakes. The geological contexts for these two case studies enable us to understand the nature of the threat and to predict more precisely the consequences of future earthquakes, although we remain unable to predict the time of those events with any precision better than multi-decadal. These two cities face contrasting threats: Istanbul is located on a major geological boundary, the North Anatolian Fault, which separates a westward moving Anatolia from the stable European landmass. Bucharest is located within the stable European continent, but large-scale mass movements in the upper mantle beneath the lithosphere cause relatively frequent large earthquakes that represent a serious threat to the city and surrounding regions.

A novel method for identifying influential nodes in complex networks based on gravity model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Jiang ◽  
Song-Qing Yang ◽  
Yu-Wei Yan ◽  
Tian-Chi Tong ◽  
Ji-Yang Dai
Keyword(s):  
Complex Networks ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Effective Distance ◽  
Network Characteristics ◽  
Structural Hole ◽  
Shortest Distance ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Influential Nodes ◽  
Local Topology

Abstract How to identify influential nodes in complex networks is an essential issue in the study of network characteristics. A number of methods have been proposed to address this problem, but most of them focus on only one aspect. Based on the gravity model, a novel method is proposed for identifying influential nodes in terms of the local topology and the global location. This method comprehensively examines the structural hole characteristics and K-shell centrality of nodes, replaces the shortest distance with a probabilistically motivated effective distance, and fully considers the influence of nodes and their neighbors from the aspect of gravity. On eight real-world networks from different fields, the monotonicity index, susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model, and Kendall's tau coefficient are used as evaluation criteria to evaluate the performance of the proposed method compared with several existing methods. The experimental results show that the proposed method is more efficient and accurate in identifying the influence of nodes and can significantly discriminate the influence of different nodes.

Across Cities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Oluf Emerson ◽  
Kevin T. Smiley
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Using Data

In chapter 8, we move our perspective beyond our two-city analysis to consider Market Cities and People Cities other than Copenhagen and Houston. First, using data on 79 European cities, we discuss how the overall levels of trust in a city are associated with better ratings of city characteristics. We believe this indicates that more trusting cities also have better services, a linkage seen in People Cities (and its inverse in Market Cities). We then use the European cities data to classify 25 cities along a Market City to People City spectrum and invite future research on these and other cities. We conclude by taking up a two-city analysis, but doing so in two totally different places: Amsterdam and London, the former we consider a People City and the latter a Market City. We find evidence for the efficacy of the Market City and People City perspective in these two cities.

scholarly journals Regulating market-led urban expansion in the new master plans of Sofia and Belgrade

Spatium ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Slaev ◽  
Slavka Zekovic ◽  
Atanas Kovachev ◽  
Tamara Maricic ◽  
Tanja Bajic
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
East Europe ◽  
Master Plans ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
European Cities ◽  
South East Europe ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Research Questions

Like most European cities, cities in South-east Europe (SEE) have been growing throughout the 20th century, however, since the end of the 1980s, the mechanisms of urban growth and expansion have changed radically: from development fully determined by central planning to market-led urban development. This paper examines how planning in large SEE cities is coping with the challenge to balance the action of the market and achieve planning goals relating to the form of urban growth and expansion. As case studies we analyse the master plans of Sofia and Belgrade and their implementation. We have two research questions: first, whether planning in the two cities has considered the role of the market when defining its objectives, measures and solutions regarding the forms of urban growth and the development of in suburban areas, and, second, whether planning has been able to influence the market or cooperate with it in order to achieve its objectives in suburban development.

scholarly journals Students’ leisure consumption patterns in cities: Three-dimensional pictures from Lodz and Turin

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Zasina
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Home Visiting ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Spatial Dimensions

AbstractThe research conducted relates to university students’ leisure practices in urban settings. A three-dimensional framework to picture and analyse students’ leisure, focusing on its temporal, economic and spatial dimensions, is proposed. The analysis is based on empirical evidence from two European cities, namely Lodz, Poland and Turin, Italy. First, the findings show that students’ leisure consumption goes beyond visiting music and disco clubs, and it is oriented towards meeting at home, visiting pubs and cafés, and also shopping for non-daily products. Secondly, the geographies of the majority of students’ leisure activities do not spatially overlap with the places of their education and accommodation. Thirdly, the data obtained on students’ leisure consumption in Lodz and Turin reveal many similarities, despite the contextual differences between the two cities.

Community Participation in Probation: A Tale of Two Cities

1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Rosenbaum ◽  
James L. Grisell ◽  
Thomas Koschtial ◽  
Richard Knox ◽  
Keith J. Leenhouts
Keyword(s):  
Community Participation ◽  
Two Cities
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