scholarly journals Particles, Especially Virtual Particles, in a Multi-fold Universe vs. QFT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephane Maes
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Virtual Particle ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
Virtual Particles ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Open Issues

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. In this paper, we discuss the point of view of the virtual particles used to explain gravity emergence from entanglement and in particular position their use versus the more conventional view on virtual particles in QFT. Indeed, besides the fact that QFT has challenges to model particles, there are some strong views on what is or is not appropriate when it comes to involving virtual particles in conventional QFT, or vacuum fluctuations for that matter. The proposed multi-fold mechanisms on the other hand rely first and foremost on the concept of particles, with modifications to conventional QFT. In that context virtual particle play a central role. Besides evangelizing the need to evolve QFT, we also review how virtual particles are key to the notion of small scale non negligible addition of gravity to the standard model, and to a proposal for Ultimate Unification where al particles convey gravity and their proper interactions. We also discuss how this model is key and aligned to the area laws of blacks holes, Hawking’s radiation and the absence of gravity shielding even when using virtual particle. This discussion will also offer some perspectives on QFT in curved spacetime. The bottom line is that there are no contradiction with the main views on virtual particles of conventional QFT proposed with multi-fold universe mechanisms and that in fact, while hard to formulate, the use of virtual particles could also be modeled with fields and associated multi-fold fields.We also discuss comparing our model using pairs of entangled virtual particles versus models using only (or in addition) pairs of entangled gravitons. Such a multi-fold model with only gravitons may recover the same results or differ depending on how massive gravitons would be modeled in these new models. But we end up still recommending only a model where gravitons live in AdS(5).

scholarly journals Massless and Massive Multi-Gravity in a Multi-fold Universe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephane Maes
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Massive Gravity ◽  
Gravity Models ◽  
Accelerated Expansion ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Virtual Particles ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Open Issues

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. In this paper, we discuss some of the properties and implications of the massive gravity contributions. In particular we will discuss it similarities and differences with what is usually meant by massive gravity in conventional physics and derived modern bigravity theories.. Instead of being a large-scale theory, where massive gravity can support a limited range or even a repulsive behavior, multi-fold massive gravity is here a mostly small-scale effect with almost no larger scale impact other than through entangled virtual neutrino pairs. Multi-fold universe accelerated expansion come from other effects of multi-fold mechanisms. In multi-fold theory, massive gravity is also multiple (one per available virtual carrier). The resulting gravity model is different from all the massive gravity and bigravity current proposed in the literature. In particular we discuss the known issues with conventional classical massive gravity.We conclude with a suggestion to attempt, with or independently of a multi-fold models, bi (or multi) gravity models, massive only at very small scale with massless gravity at any larger scale. We already know that such model helps address many Standard Model and Standard Cosmology Model open issues: there is value in SMG: the standard Model with non-negligible gravity at its scales.

scholarly journals More Matter Than Antimatter, All Falling Down

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephane Maes
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Higgs Bosons ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Virtual Particles ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Gravity Effects ◽  
Open Issue ◽  
Self Gravity ◽  
Open Issues

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. In particular with chirality flips of fermions induced by gravity, right-handed neutrinos (and left-handed anti-neutrinos) can appear in flight and now acquire mass when encountering Higgs bosons. Because perturbatively self-gravity effects may be stronger for anti-neutrinos, the chirality flips in flight will trap longer in flight right-handed anti neutrinos than left-handed neutrinos; creating a matter antimatter asymmetry. While very small this can explain the dominance of matter of antimatter, hence why we exist. As we visit the properties of antimatter, we also predict that, in a multi-fold universe, anti-matter is attracted by gravity, not repelled; something that is still an open issue today in Physics.

scholarly journals Gravity Dictates the Number of Fermion Generations: 3

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephane Maes
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Fractal Structure ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Massive Gravity ◽  
Higgs Bosons ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Virtual Particles ◽  
Fermion Masses ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Open Issues

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. It has always been intriguing to explain why there seems to be only 3 generations of Fermions, for each family, including neutrinos. In this paper, we show that there are only 3 regimes defined in the Standard Model Lagrangian complemented with gravity, when it comes to the contribution of fermion masses interacting with Higgs bosons. As a result, differentiations of mass implies only 3 generations. It is another surprising result, from adding non-negligible gravity to the Standard model. While shown in the context of a multi-fold universe, the result can be extended to any model where gravity is not negligible at small scales.

scholarly journals Gravity-like Attractions and Fluctuations between Entangled Systems?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephane Maes
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Fractal Structure ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Massive Gravity ◽  
Epr Paradox ◽  
Virtual Particles ◽  
Quantum Matter ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Bose Einstein ◽  
Open Issues

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. All these phenomena result from the observation that attractive gravity-like potentials appear in spacetime between entangled systems, because of the mechanisms proposed in a multi-fold universe to address the EPR paradox. An immediate implication, and opportunity to validate or falsify the model, is that gravity-like effects and fluctuation are predicted to appear between, around or near entangled systems; we just need check if this is encountered in the real world. This paper discuss situations where attraction due to entanglement, and hence gravity like effects or fluctuations, could be encountered. For example, within or near quantum matter like superconductors or (Bose Einstein Condensates) BECs or within Qubits. One could argue that some indications exist that some of these effects could already have already been observed. We are really seeking falsifiability or validation opportunities for the multi-fold mechanisms. Early considerations are encouraging.Discussing some related experiments led us to also address how shielding is correctly modeled with multi-fold mechanisms: Faraday cages do not weaken gravity!

scholarly journals Derivation of the Equivalence Principle in a Multi-fold Universe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephane Maes
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Fractal Structure ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Massive Gravity ◽  
Principle Of Equivalence ◽  
Virtual Particles ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Small Scales ◽  
Open Issues

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very small scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. The mechanisms proposed to address entanglement and that are responsible for gravity when considering entanglement of virtual particles, also automatically result into the (weak) principle of equivalence, without postulating it. It also required better qualifying the tenancy model of multi-folds in terms of Higgs interactions.

scholarly journals Strong CP Violation Tamed in The Presence of Gravity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephane Maes
Keyword(s):  
Cp Violation ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Fractal Structure ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
New Physics ◽  
Massive Gravity ◽  
Virtual Particles ◽  
Up Quark ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Open Issues

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. The strong CP violation problem is one of these issues: QCD predicts CP violation, yet no CP violation has ever been observed involving the strong interaction (when it occurs, it is for the weak interaction). In this paper we show that when adding gravity to the Standard Model, in a multi-fold universe, gravity allows the mass of the up quark to be smaller (close to, or equal to zero). This symmetry, or quasi symmetry, is a way to eliminate the CP violation contributions in QCD, therefore resolving the problem. It argues for evolving the Standard Model to add gravity, if non negligible at very small scales. No New Physics are introduced as new particles, which could also explain why axions have never been observed, and we may have to remove them as candidates to explain dark matter.

scholarly journals Right-handed neutrinos? Mass? Ask Gravity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephane Maes
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Fractal Structure ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Massive Gravity ◽  
Higgs Bosons ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Virtual Particles ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Open Issues

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. In particular with chirality flips of fermion induced by gravity, right-handed neutrinos (and left-handed anti-neutrinos) can appear in flight and now acquire mass when encountering Higgs bosons; two mysteries can be explained in one shot in a multi-fold universe.

scholarly journals No Gravity Shield in Multi-folds Universes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephane Maes
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Test Particle ◽  
Fractal Structure ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Massive Gravity ◽  
Virtual Particles ◽  
Incorrect Conclusion ◽  
Virtual Photons ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Open Issues

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. The presence of a matter obstacle or shield on the path of the entangled virtual photons may be understood as weakening the gravity perceived beyond or within by a test particle. It is an incorrect conclusion. The potential energy (momentum 4-vector) of the shield and the shield acting a new source ensure that gravity perceived by the test particle is unaffected (other than by the additional contributions due to the proper gravity of the shield). In a multi-fold universe, Faraday cages do not weaken gravity!

scholarly journals Gravity Stabilizes Electroweak Vacuum – No Bubble of Nothing to Worry About!

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephane Maes
Keyword(s):  
Higgs Boson ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Quantum Tunneling ◽  
Fractal Structure ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Massive Gravity ◽  
Virtual Particles ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Open Issues

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. Since the work of Coleman, it is known that vacuum may be false in the universe with truer vacuum reachable by quantum tunneling. With the discovery and analysis of the Higgs boson, it has been estimated that, with the mass of the Higgs boson, our universe is right on the stable side, but the edge of instability; playing the fire, or rather the risk of a bubble of nothing erasing everything in the universe. In this paper we show that by adding non-negligible gravity to the standard model, the universe can move further away from the brink of instability; a reassuring thought. This satisfying result help us further argue for systematically considering adding gravity to the Standard Model.

scholarly journals Entanglement and Random Walks Concretize Time in a Multi-fold Universe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephane Maes
Keyword(s):  
Random Walk ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Random Walks ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Arrow Of Time ◽  
Spacetime Geometry ◽  
Virtual Particles ◽  
Time Problem ◽  
The Standard Model

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. The present paper examines what can be said of time in a multi-fold universe: what is the notion of time, does it exist or make sense and is it continuous or discrete and is there an arrow of time? In particular, we discuss how multi-fold universe handles the well-known time problem, the Bryce Wheeler equation as well as the explanations proposed so far by Page and Wootters and the subsequent rigorous expansions of Gambini and Pullin. In a multi-fold universe, time can concretely exist both because of entanglement and its random walk constructive nature that renders spacetime, including time discrete, fractal and non-commutative within a spacetime geometry, yet become not observable at larger scales. Therefore, random walks and entanglement concretize time and entanglement is also responsible for the arrow of time: the multi-folds mechanisms are irreversible, yet they can appear reversible if not fully modeled, which explains why Quantum Physics and GR appear essentially reversible. When putting all these consideration together it becomes clear that random walks and entanglement not only generate and shape spacetime but they also are at the core of the concept of time and how it can be perceived by us.

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