Spin g Factors and Neutrino Magnetic Moment of Elementary Fermions

The spin magnetic moments and spin g factors (gs = -2) of electron, muon and tau are explained based on the electric charges (EC) and lepton charges (LC) in terms of the three-dimensional quantized space model. The spin g factors of electron, muon and tau are gs = -2 which is the sum of the EC g factor (gEC = -1) and the LC g factor (gLC = -1). The spin g factor (gs = -2) of the electron is predicted by the Dirac’s equation. The orbit g factors of electron, muon and tau are gL = gEC = -1 from the EC g factor (gEC = -1) without the contribution of the LC g factor (gLC = -1). The spin g factors of the elementary fermions are calculated from the equation of gs = gEC + gLC + gCC where gEC = EC/|EC|, gLC = LC/|LC| and gCC = CC/|CC|. For example, the spin g factors of the neutrinos and dark matters are gs = -1. The spin g factors of the u and d quarks are gs = 0 and gs = -2, respectively. The g factor problem of neutrinos with the non-zero LC charges are solved by the LC Coulomb force of Fc(LC) ≈0. It is, for the first time, proposed that the binary motion (fluctuations) of the mEC and mLC masses for the electron, muon and tau leptons make the anomalous g factor. This binary motion could be originated from the virtual particle processes including the photons. Also, the weak force (beta) decay is closely related to the binary motion of the mEC and mLC for the electron, muon and tau leptons.

Particles, Especially Virtual Particles, in a Multi-fold Universe vs. QFT

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. In this paper, we discuss the point of view of the virtual particles used to explain gravity emergence from entanglement and in particular position their use versus the more conventional view on virtual particles in QFT. Indeed, besides the fact that QFT has challenges to model particles, there are some strong views on what is or is not appropriate when it comes to involving virtual particles in conventional QFT, or vacuum fluctuations for that matter. The proposed multi-fold mechanisms on the other hand rely first and foremost on the concept of particles, with modifications to conventional QFT. In that context virtual particle play a central role. Besides evangelizing the need to evolve QFT, we also review how virtual particles are key to the notion of small scale non negligible addition of gravity to the standard model, and to a proposal for Ultimate Unification where al particles convey gravity and their proper interactions. We also discuss how this model is key and aligned to the area laws of blacks holes, Hawking’s radiation and the absence of gravity shielding even when using virtual particle. This discussion will also offer some perspectives on QFT in curved spacetime. The bottom line is that there are no contradiction with the main views on virtual particles of conventional QFT proposed with multi-fold universe mechanisms and that in fact, while hard to formulate, the use of virtual particles could also be modeled with fields and associated multi-fold fields.We also discuss comparing our model using pairs of entangled virtual particles versus models using only (or in addition) pairs of entangled gravitons. Such a multi-fold model with only gravitons may recover the same results or differ depending on how massive gravitons would be modeled in these new models. But we end up still recommending only a model where gravitons live in AdS(5).

The role of Stokes drift in the dispersal of North Atlantic surface marine debris

<p>Understanding the physical mechanisms behind the transport and accumulation of floating objects in the ocean is crucial in order to efficiently tackle the issue of marine pollution. The main sinks of marine plastic are the coast and the bottom sediment. This study focuses on the former, investigating the timescales of dispersal from the ocean surface and onto coastal accumulation areas through a process called "beaching" in the presence of Stokes drift. Previous literature have found that the Stokes drift can reach the same magnitude as the Eulerian current speed and that it has a long-term effect on the trajectories of floating objects. Two virtual particle simulations are carried out and then compared, one with and one without Stokes drift, named SD and REF respectively. Eulerian velocity and Stokes drift data from global reanalysis datasets are used for particle advection. Particles in the SD model are found to beach at a yearly rate that is almost double the rate observed in the Eulerian model. The main coastal attractors are consistent with the direction of large-scale atmospheric circulation (Westerlies and Trade Winds). Long-term predictions carried out with the aid of adjacency matrices found that the concentration of particles in the subtropical accumulation zone after 100 years is 10 times lower in the presence of Stokes drift. The results confirm the need to accurately represent the Stokes drift in particle models attempting to predict the behaviour of marine debris, in order to avoid overestimation of its residence time in the ocean and guide policies towards prevention and removal more effectively.</p>

Post-2011 variability of the great Atlantic Sargassum belt attributed to changing winds and currents

<p><span>Since 2011, <em>Sargassum </em>seaweed has proliferated across the tropical North Atlantic, evident in Floating Algae Index (FAI) images for the Central Atlantic region (38-63°W, 0-22°N) over 2000-2020. To investigate the role of physical drivers in post-2011 <em>Sargassum </em>blooms, conditions are examined across the wider tropical Atlantic. Of particular consequence for the growth and drift of Sargassum are patterns and seasonality of winds and currents. In years when the FAI index is high (2015, 2018), the </span><span>Intertropical Convergence Zone (where <em>Sargassum </em>accumulates) was displaced southward, towards nutrient-rich waters of the Amazon river plume and the equatorial upwelling zone. </span><span>Strong enhancement of the North Brazil Current retroflection and North Equatorial Counter Current circulation system in 2015 and 2018 may have increased nutrient availability/uptake for <em>Sargassum </em>in the North Equatorial Recirculation Region. </span><span>To first order, these changes are associated with modes of </span><span>natural variability in the tropical Atlantic, notably a negative phase of the Atlantic Meridional Mode in 2015 and 2018, and a positive phase of the Atlantic Niño in 2018. </span><span>The influence of </span><span>anomalous winds and currents on <em>Sargassum </em>drift during years of high and low FAI are explored with virtual particle tracking, using surface currents from an eddy-resolving ocean model hindcast and </span><span>optional % </span><span>windage, to quantify the variable partitioning between <em>Sargassum </em>that is westward-bound to the Caribbean and eastward-bound to west Africa.</span></p>

The effect of ocean model tidal-forcing and spatial resolution on virtual particle dispersion and accumulation at the ocean surface

<p>Understanding the pathways of floating material (e.g. larvae, plastics, oil) at the surface ocean is important to improve our knowledge on the surface circulation and for its ecological and environmental impacts.  For example, knowing where floating plastic and oil spills accumulate in the surface ocean can help ocean clean-up strategies.  One of the main methods of research is virtual particle simulations, which simulate the dispersion of floating material in the Ocean.  </p><p> </p><p>Previous studies have tried to understand the surface dispersion and accumulation via these numerical simulations. To define the circulation, the velocity outputs of ocean general circulation models are needed. Oceanic models have improved in the past years, but many still do not fully represent the ocean dynamics at the fine-scales (below 100 km).  The spatial resolution of ocean models and whether they include a tidal-forcing are two important model parameterizations that can determine how well the ocean dynamics are represented at the fine-scales. In this study we try to answer: How do these model characteristics affect the dispersion and accumulation of virtual particles at the ocean surface?</p><p> </p><p>To answer this, we use the ocean surface velocity outputs of different NEMO simulations to simulate the trajectories of virtual particles, and we evaluate the impact of different NEMO simulations’ spatial resolution and the presence or not of a tidal-forcing. As tidal-forcing has a big impact on the ocean model’s representation of internal tides and waves, we focus on a region where there is a high internal-tide signal: the Azores Islands.  We evaluate these impacts by looking at whether there is a difference in particles’ accumulation and dispersion in the different model scenarios.</p>

The Lucernic Behaviour of Gravity

In this work it is proposed a scientific line of reasoning called Lucernics which aims to describe natural phenomena in terms of properties of light. It also carries out an analysis about how gravity could be intermediated by virtual particles similar to photons, namely guardions. It also proposes that massive bodies are sinks of guardions. When a massive body absorbs guardions from vacuum fluctuations, dark guardions are emitted. A dark guardion is a virtual particle which carries momentum in a direction opposite to its displacement. The time-derivative of this momentum describes a possible attractive force between massive particles which emit them. This derived force was compared to Newtonian gravitational force and the caliber constant obtained was equal to Planck's mass. This same study was done for electrostatic force, obtaining Planck's charge as a caliber constant. Newton's gravitational constant and Einstein's field equation were decomposed, and it also proposes a Lucernic Field Equation. The phenomena that this equation could describe will be discussed in future works.

Real or not real that is the question...

My discussions with John Bell about reality in quantum mechanics are recollected. I would like to introduce the reader to Bell’s vision of reality which was for him a natural position for a scientist. Bell had a strong aversion against “quantum jumps” and insisted to be clear in phrasing quantum mechanics, his “words to be forbidden” proclaimed with seriousness and wit – both typical Bell characteristics – became legendary. I will summarize the Bell-type experiments and what Nature responded, and discuss the implications for the physical quantities considered, the real entities and the nonlocality concept due to Bell’s work. Subsequently, I also explain a quite different view of the meaning of a quantum state, this is the information theoretic approach, focusing on the work of Brukner and Zeilinger. Finally, I would like to broaden and contrast the reality discussion with the concept of “virtuality,” with the meaning of virtual particle occurring in quantum field theory. With some of my own thoughts I will conclude the paper which is composed more as a historical article than as a philosophical one.

A Novel FastSLAM Framework Based on 2D Lidar for Autonomous Mobile Robot

The autonomous navigation and environment exploration of mobile robots are carried out on the premise of the ability of environment sensing. Simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM) is the key algorithm in perceiving and mapping an environment in real time. FastSLAM has played an increasingly significant role in the SLAM problem. In order to enhance the performance of FastSLAM, a novel framework called IFastSLAM is proposed, based on particle swarm optimisation (PSO). In this framework, an adaptive resampling strategy is proposed that uses the genetic algorithm to increase the diversity of particles, and the principles of fractional differential theory and chaotic optimisation are combined into the algorithm to improve the conventional PSO approach. We observe that the fractional differential approach speeds up the iteration of the algorithm and chaotic optimisation prevents premature convergence. A new idea of a virtual particle is put forward as the global optimisation target for the improved PSO scheme. This approach is more accurate in terms of determining the optimisation target based on the geometric position of the particle, compared to an approach based on the maximum weight value of the particle. The proposed IFastSLAM method is compared with conventional FastSLAM, PSO-FastSLAM, and an adaptive generic FastSLAM algorithm (AGA-FastSLAM). The superiority of IFastSLAM is verified by simulations, experiments with a real-world dataset, and field experiments.