From Quark to Infinite Dimensionality

This article gives a overall picture of how the universe works from the likelihood that our universe is infinite dimensional at the nanometer scale of an indestructible quark. The article explains that we only can perceive for sure up to 4 dimensions of physical reality. However, the speculation in this article seems very clear that likely we are seeing activity in the 5th dimension in particle physics experimentation explaining the EPR paradox and other mysteries seen in particle physics. Finally, the article shows why the Mendeleev Chart has historically listed possible stable atoms without giving the exact number possible. The way protons and other hadrons are composed of six quarks and six antiquarks held together by gluons leads to the inevitable conclusion that only 108 stable atoms can exist. Being stable means the protons in an atom are composed of 3 quarks/antiquarks having charge 1. Recent discoveries in particle physics research demonstrates that there exists a particle named the pentaquark composed of five quarks. The article explains that pentaquarks have been identified in recent particle research. It is not known yet whether the pentaquark leads to a different proton that leads in turn to a pentaquark atom. New particle research will likely answer this question

Orbital angular momentum uncertainty relations of entangled two-photon states

The inseparability of quantum correlation requires that the particles in the composite system be treated as a whole rather than treated separately, a typical example is the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox. In this paper, we provide a theoretical study on the uncertainty relations of two kinds of bipartite observables in two-photon orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement, that is, the relative distance and centroid of the two photons at azimuth. We find that the uncertainty relations of the bipartite observables holds in any two-photon state, and they are separable in two-photon OAM entanglement. In addition, the entangled state behaves as a single particle in the bipartite representation. Finally, we find that the uncertainty relations of the bipartite observables can be used to manipulate the degree of the entanglement of an EPR state. Graphic abstract

Quantum Measurement and Entanglement: Wave Function Collapse

The postulates presented at this point are generally agreed upon as being the primary set. But in the course of these postulates, there is no mention of the consequences of measurement. This chapter discusses this problem and the solution as provided by the Von-Neumann postulate. The concept of the projection operator is introduced, and this leads naturally to the study of the quantum entangled state. The results show in part the origin of the struggle that Einstein and others had with quantum, and the Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) paradox. Quantum entanglement is the key to advanced ideas in quantum encryption, teleportation, and quantum computing.

Metrological complementarity reveals the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox

The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox plays a fundamental role in our understanding of quantum mechanics, and is associated with the possibility of predicting the results of non-commuting measurements with a precision that seems to violate the uncertainty principle. This apparent contradiction to complementarity is made possible by nonclassical correlations stronger than entanglement, called steering. Quantum information recognises steering as an essential resource for a number of tasks but, contrary to entanglement, its role for metrology has so far remained unclear. Here, we formulate the EPR paradox in the framework of quantum metrology, showing that it enables the precise estimation of a local phase shift and of its generating observable. Employing a stricter formulation of quantum complementarity, we derive a criterion based on the quantum Fisher information that detects steering in a larger class of states than well-known uncertainty-based criteria. Our result identifies useful steering for quantum-enhanced precision measurements and allows one to uncover steering of non-Gaussian states in state-of-the-art experiments.

Entanglement Interpreted as the Cooperation Between the Super-Elastic Double-Helix Photons and the Super-Elastic Double-Helix Gravitons. Quantum Cavendish Experiment. Intellectual Mastery of Nature (07.10.2020)

In our approach we have combined knowledge of Old Masters (working in this field before the year 1905), New Masters (working in this field after the year 1905) and Dissidents under the guidance of Albert Einstein (EPR Paradox). Two free-will partners A (Alice) and B (Bob) share each a photon from a photon pair emitted from the source and measure the correlations among those entangled photons. Based on the great work of the smartest theorists and experimentalists the interpretation of that entanglement correlations goes unequivocally for the supporters of Niels Bohr: the quantum mechanics (QM) is complete and cannot be modified in any possible way. J.S. Bell stated that all local hidden variable theories are excluded forever, and this is now the dominant statement in the “entanglement community”. Is there any chance to contribute anything reasonable in favor of Albert Einstein´s statement that the QM is incomplete? In our approach we have inserted two new local hidden variables γ and δ (gravitons emitted by the Earth towards individual polarizers = GAIA Effect) into the old trigonometric functions haversin (2θ) = sin2θ and havercosin (2θ) = cos2θ where haversine and havercosine represent orthogonal projections on hyperplanes. These new local hidden variables might contribute to the creation of the entanglement among the separated photons as it is described by the QM. In order to falsify the QM correlation predictions (in the spirit of Karl Popper), we can locally bring to the vicinity of the polarizers two field masses (emanating additional gravitons towards the used polarizers = RHEA Effect, Plato connected the word with ρέω = rheo = flow, RHEA - the daughter of GAIA). The first local hidden variables γ and δ - GAIA Effect - at this moment cannot be controlled by humans, however, the second local hidden variables ε and ζ - RHEA Effect - can be controlled by humans (e.g., the experiment of Henry Cavendish in 1797). This concept might document the Intellectual Mastery of our Nature to hide Her secrets using the mathematical camouflage. We want to pass this scenario into the hands of the big G researchers and the “entanglement community” to evaluate if really our “Nature loves to hide.”

The EPR paradox and the uncertainty principle

The EPR paradox appears when measurement results of some properties of two distantly entangled particles are correlated in a way that cannot be explained classically, and apparently violate locality. The resolution of the paradox depends on one’s interpretation of quantum mechanics. Explanations from quantum mechanics remain commonplace today, but they fail to explain the EPR (Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen) paradox totally in a way than can be accepted by the whole community. Here, we present a simple resolution to this paradox in which the uncertainty in the energy of the two-particle system is reduced by its lack of interaction during the journey so that the uncertainty in time becomes greater than the time they have been separating. Consequently, the present and past become indistinguishable because when we measure an observable in the system its value is the same as if the two particle were still together or very close. It is also argued that the destruction of information as the present and past become identical should release heat by Landauer’s principle, and this might make this proposal testable.

Gravity-like Attractions and Fluctuations between Entangled Systems?

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. All these phenomena result from the observation that attractive gravity-like potentials appear in spacetime between entangled systems, because of the mechanisms proposed in a multi-fold universe to address the EPR paradox. An immediate implication, and opportunity to validate or falsify the model, is that gravity-like effects and fluctuation are predicted to appear between, around or near entangled systems; we just need check if this is encountered in the real world. This paper discuss situations where attraction due to entanglement, and hence gravity like effects or fluctuations, could be encountered. For example, within or near quantum matter like superconductors or (Bose Einstein Condensates) BECs or within Qubits. One could argue that some indications exist that some of these effects could already have already been observed. We are really seeking falsifiability or validation opportunities for the multi-fold mechanisms. Early considerations are encouraging.Discussing some related experiments led us to also address how shielding is correctly modeled with multi-fold mechanisms: Faraday cages do not weaken gravity!

Current Review all Publications around the Multi-fold universe

Shmaes-Physics - Site Navigation - Web Site Tracking all Publications around the Multi-fold universe and "Modeling Gravity As Emergent from the EPR Paradox in Quantum Mechanics". It relates to paper https://vixra.org/pdf/2006.0088v1.pdf and all follow up and updated publications and results. This is a October 11, 2020 snapshot of the content. The main message is: Gravity is Entanglement and Entanglement is Gravity and Everything in the Standard Model with Gravity (SM_G) results from it. Superstrings, supersymmetry and most conventional GUTs and TOEs are not correctly modeling our universe (https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/2020/09/20/latest-highlights-and-results-from-multi-fold-models/).For the rest, most of non-problematic conventional Physics is not affected other than i) Gravity is explained, Entanglement creates gravity between entangled parties (under correct conditions) iii) spacetime at very small scale is defined (discrete, concretized by random walk, Lorentz invariant and non-commutative).

Complementary Local and Nonlocal Measurements of Conjugate Transformation - Unified Logic Representation of Conjugate 0-1 Vectors

Bohr proposed the complementarity principle in 1927 as the foundation of quantum mechanics, since then relevant debates have been critically discussed for many years. Applying a pair of spin particles, Einstein proposed the EPR paradox in 1935. Using nonlocal potential properties, Aharonov and Bohm proposed the AB effect to test complementary measurement results. Under locality conditions, Bell established a Bell inequality under classical logic. Using a pair of particles and double sets of ZMI devices for complementarity measurements, Hardy proposed the Hardy paradox in 1992. During the past 50 years, locality and nonlocality tests on complementarity were hot-topics among the advanced quantum information, computing and measurement directions with various theoretical extensions and solid experimental results.These complementarity approaches separated local/nonlocal parameters to form different equations without an integrated logic framework to describe these equations including both local and nonlocal features consistently. The main results provide a series of paradoxes that conflict with each other. This paper uses conjugate transformation. Based on the m+1 kernel form of 0-1 states, n pairs of conjugate partitions were established. Under a given configuration in N bits, a set of 2n 0-1 feature vectors are applied to construct conjugate transformation operators in logic levels with intrinsic measurements to be a set of measurement operators.The key results of the paper are listed in Theorem 5. Two special functions of vector logic (CNF or DNF expression) and four equivalent expressions of the elementary equation are examples to show local and nonlocal variables in equations consistently. Applying two pairs of conjugate sets <A, B> and their complementary sets <A', B''>, 4 meta measures are established corresponding to <±aA;±bB> quantitative features under measurement operators. The main results of the paper are represented in Lemma (1-4), Theorem (1-5) and Corollary (1-7). From a vector logic viewpoint, conjugate complementary scheme can organize local and nonlocal variables to satisfy the comprehensive properties of modern logic constructions on completeness, non-conflict and consistence in a united logic framework.