scholarly journals Unpredictability and complexity of print-to-speech correspondences increase reliance on lexical processes: more evidence for the orthographic depth hypothesis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xenia Schmalz ◽  
Elisabeth Beyersmann ◽  
Eddy Cavalli ◽  
Eva Marinus
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Reading Aloud ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Lexical Route ◽  
Orthographic Depth ◽  
Correct Pronunciation ◽  
Different Orthographies ◽  
Lexical Processes ◽  
Different Sources

The Orthographic Depth Hypothesis [Katz, L., & Frost, R. (1992). The reading process is different for different orthographies: The orthographic depth hypothesis. In R. Frost & L. Katz (Eds.), Orthography, phonology, morphology, and meaning (pp. 67–84). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science] proposes cross-linguistic differences in the involvement of lexical processing during reading. In orthographies with complex, inconsistent, and/or incomplete sublexical correspondences, decoding is more difficult and therefore slower. This gives more time to the lexical route to retrieve information, and leads to a greater ratio of lexical processing. We test whether this mechanism applies both for words with inconsistent (in English) and for words with complex (in French) correspondences. As complex correspondences are sufficient to derive a correct pronunciation, an increase in lexical processing may not occur. In a reading-aloud task, we used the frequency effect to measure lexical processing. The data showed stronger involvement of lexical processing for inconsistent compared to consistent words, and for complex compared to simple words. The results confirm that Katz and Frost’s proposed mechanism applies to different sources of orthographic depth.

Short Article: Tracking the Transition from Sublexical to Lexical Processing: On the Creation of Orthographic and Phonological Lexical Representations

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 858-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Maloney ◽  
Evan F. Risko ◽  
Shannon O'Malley ◽  
Derek Besner
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Reading Aloud ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Standard Result ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Lexical Route ◽  
Lower Case ◽  
Dual Route

Participants read aloud nonword letter strings, one at a time, which varied in the number of letters. The standard result is observed in two experiments; the time to begin reading aloud increases as letter length increases. This result is standardly understood as reflecting the operation of a serial, left-to-right translation of graphemes into phonemes. The novel result is that the effect of letter length is statistically eliminated by a small number of repetitions. This elimination suggests that these nonwords are no longer always being read aloud via a serial left-to-right sublexical process. Instead, the data are taken as evidence that new orthographic and phonological lexical entries have been created for these nonwords and are now read at least sometimes by recourse to the lexical route. Experiment 2 replicates the interaction between nonword letter length and repetition observed in Experiment 1 and also demonstrates that this interaction is not seen when participants merely classify the string as appearing in upper or lower case. Implications for existing dual-route models of reading aloud and Share's self-teaching hypothesis are discussed.

scholarly journals Order among chaos: Cross-linguistic differences and developmental trajectories in pseudoword reading aloud using pronunciation Entropy

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251629
Author(s):  
Elisabetta De Simone ◽  
Elisabeth Beyersmann ◽  
Claudio Mulatti ◽  
Jonathan Mirault ◽  
Xenia Schmalz
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Reading Aloud ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Reading Experience ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Orthographic Depth ◽  
Pseudoword Reading ◽  
Item Characteristics

In this work we propose the use of Entropy to measure variability in pronunciations in pseudowords reading aloud: pseudowords where participants give many different pronunciations receive higher Entropy values. Monolingual adults, monolingual children, and bilingual children proficient in different European languages varying in orthographic depth were tested. We predicted that Entropy values will increase with increasing orthographic depth. Moreover, higher Entropy was expected for younger than older children, as reading experience improves the knowledge of grapheme-phoneme correspondences (GPCs). We also tested if interference from a second language would lead to higher Entropy. Results show that orthographic depth affects Entropy, but only when the items are not strictly matched across languages. We also found that Entropy decreases across age, suggesting that GPC knowledge becomes refined throughout grades 2-4. We found no differences between bilingual and monolingual children. Our results indicate that item characteristics play a fundamental role in pseudoword pronunciation variability, that reading experience is associated with reduced variability in responses, and that in bilinguals’ knowledge of a second orthography does not seem to interfere with pseudoword reading aloud.

Pseudohomophone Naming and the Word Frequency Effect

1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Taft ◽  
Bruce Russell
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Word Frequency Effect ◽  
Alternative Account ◽  
Frequency Word ◽  
Lexical Route

An experiment by McCann and Besner (1987) suggested that non-words that are homophonic with a high-frequency word (e.g. “keap”) are named in the same amount of time as non-words that are homophonic with a low-frequency word (e.g. “fome”), despite such pseudohomophones being faster to name than non-pseudohomophones (e.g. “feap”, “yome”). Such a result is a challenge to any model of lexical processing that places the word-frequency effect at the stage when the word is being selected from amongst all lexical entries. McCann and Besner propose a complex alternative account where frequency effects arise at a later stage of processing, a stage that is not involved in the naming of pseudohomophones. The purpose of the present study is to look for a frequency effect in the naming of pseudohomophones, controlling for orthographic factors that McCann and Besner ignored. The first experiment, using a homophone decision task, establishes a set of items that produce a clear frequency effect. These items are then used in a naming experiment which also reveals a clear frequency effect for those subjects who make use of a lexical route when pronouncing pseudohomophones. It is concluded from this that the complex model developed by McCann and Besner is unnecessary.

scholarly journals Order among Chaos: cross-linguistic differences and developmental trajectories in pseudoword reading aloud using pronunciation Entropy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta De Simone ◽  
Elisabeth Beyersmann ◽  
Claudio Mulatti ◽  
Jonathan Mirault ◽  
Xenia Schmalz
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Reading Aloud ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Reading Experience ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Orthographic Depth ◽  
Pseudoword Reading ◽  
Item Characteristics

In this work we propose the use of Entropy as a new way to measure variability in pronunciations in pseudowords reading aloud: pseudowords where participants give many different pronunciations receive higher Entropy values. Monolingual adults, monolingual children, and bilingual children proficient in different European languages varying in orthographic depth were tested. We predicted that Entropy values will increase with increasing orthographic depth. Moreover, higher Entropy was expected for younger than older children, as reading experience improves the knowledge of grapheme-phoneme correspondences (GPCs). We also tested if interference from a second language would lead to higher Entropy. Results show that orthographic depth affects Entropy, but only when the items are not strictly matched across languages. We also found that Entropy decreases across age, suggesting that GPC knowledge becomes refined throughout Grades 2-4. We found no differences between bilingual and monolingual children. Our results indicate that item characteristics play a fundamental role in pseudoword pronunciation variability, that reading experience is associated with reduced variability in responses, and that in bilinguals' knowledge of a second orthography does not seem to interfere with pseudoword reading aloud.

scholarly journals The use and nature of grapheme coding during sub-lexical processing and lexical access

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1324-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Commissaire ◽  
Séverine Casalis
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Access ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Single Letter ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Letter Detection ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Lexical Route

This work aimed to investigate grapheme coding during sub-lexical processing and lexical access. Using the letter detection task in Experiment 1, we compared letter pairs that could be considered as a grapheme unit or not depending on context (referred to as weakly cohesive complex, e.g., an in chant vs cane) to real two-letter graphemes (highly cohesive complex, e.g., au in chaud) and single-letter graphemes (simple, e.g., a in place). Three experimental conditions were used, one of which was designed to prevent phonological influences. Data revealed that only highly cohesive complex graphemes were processed as units, not the weakly cohesive ones. The same pattern was found across experimental conditions in favor of an orthographic mechanism. In Experiments 2 and 3, a primed lexical decision task was used with two stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) and two different ranges of lexical frequency. We manipulated the number of graphemes removed from partial primes ( d**che vs do**he-DOUCHE) and relatedness. In contrast to Experiment 1, no evidence was provided in favor of a role of graphemes during lexical access. We suggest that graphemes can be conceived as sub-lexical orthographic units per se but can only be captured within a sub-lexical route to reading.

The influence of grammatical gender and suffix transparency in processing Italian written nouns

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria De Martino ◽  
Giulia Bracco ◽  
Francesca Postiglione ◽  
Alessandro Laudanna
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Reading Aloud ◽  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
Surface Form ◽  
Alternative Account ◽  
Default Option ◽  
Bare Nouns ◽  
Better Than

Abstract In some languages the grammatical gender of nouns can be probabilistically detected using formal cues; for instance, in Italian, the majority of feminine nouns end in ‘-a’(e.g., casa, ‘home’) and the majority of masculine nouns end in ‘-o’ (e.g., albero, ‘tree’). It has been hypothesized that the match/mismatch between the formal information of the suffix and the abstract grammatical information on gender affects lexical processing of nouns. An alternative account is that a default option available for gender poses constraints to mechanisms of lexical access for words exhibiting gender markers in the surface form. In the present study, nouns with highly predictive gender suffix (regular), nouns whose gender cannot be recovered from surface form (opaque) and nouns with misleading gender suffix (irregular) were compared in two reading aloud and two lexical decision experiments. Results confirmed that regular nouns are processed better than irregular nouns. No difference was detected between masculine and feminine opaque nouns. The results allow the conclusion that a formal gender feature (the gender orthographic regularity) is more likely to affect lexical processing of bare nouns than the activation of a gender default option.

scholarly journals Frequency Effects with Visual Words and Syllables in a Dyslexic Reader

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 103-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prisca Stenneken ◽  
Markus Conrad ◽  
Florian Hutzler ◽  
Mario Braun ◽  
Arthur M. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Syllable Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Visual Words ◽  
Reading Impairment ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Systematic Effects

The present study investigated the nature of the inhibitory syllable frequency effect, recently reported for normal readers, in a German-speaking dyslexic patient. The reading impairment was characterized as a severe deficit in naming single letters or words in the presence of spared lexical processing of visual word forms. Three visual lexical decision experiments were conducted with the dyslexic patient, an unimpaired control person matched to the patient and a control group: Experiment 1 manipulated the frequency of words and word-initial syllables and demonstrated systematic effects of both factors in normal readers and in the dyslexic patient. The syllable frequency effect was replicated in a second experiment with a more strictly controlled stimulus set. Experiment 3 confirmed the patient’s deficit in activating phonological forms from written words by demonstrating that a pseudohomophone effect as observed in the unimpaired control participants was absent in the dyslexic patient.

Lexicalization in Adults Who Stutter

1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Prins ◽  
Victoria Main ◽  
Susan Wampler
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Naming Latency ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Word Frequency Effect ◽  
Group Outcomes ◽  
Word Task ◽  
Adults Who Stutter ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Naming Tasks

Three recent theories have implicated lexical processing failures as a possible source of fluency disruption in persons who stutter. Two experiments that bear upon these theories are reported. Both evaluate the effects on speech response latency of picture naming tasks designed to place selective demands on lexicalization: Experiment I, effects of one-word versus two-word responses; Experiment II, effects of a word's frequency of occurrence versus its number of syllables. Twelve adults who stutter and 12 with normally fluent speech participated in each experiment. In Experiment I, increases in naming latency for two-word (noun + verb) versus one-word (noun or verb) responses showed that demands for parallel processing did not differentiate the experimental groups. However, the between-group difference, showing longer latencies among those who stutter, was six times greater for the verb, than for the noun, task. Moreover, the group difference for verbs fully accounted for the size of the difference in the two-word task. Experiment II showed that the relative increase in naming latency associated with the word frequency effect versus the syllable latency effect was significantly greater in the stuttering than the nonstuttering group. Outcomes of the two experiments suggest that during lexicalization, as early as the L1 stage and first phase of L2, slow processing could serve to disrupt fluency in some persons who stutter. Under certain conditions, as specified in the three theories cited, such disruptions could set the occasion for stutter events.

Preserved reading aloud with semantic deficits: Evidence for a non-semantic lexical route for reading Chinese

Neurocase ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam-Po Law ◽  
Winsy Wong ◽  
Karen M.Y. Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Reading Aloud ◽  
Lexical Route ◽  
Reading Chinese
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