THE CONTROVERSY OF ROOTING AND CONTRASTING ONE-‎LETTER FORMATIONS

The concept of rooting and renewal in Arabic calligraphy is linked to the ‎calligrapher’s need to show new aesthetic methods, through formations and calligraphic ‎structures based on a single letter. The perceptual vision of the calligrapher, so this ‎research was concerned with studying the rooting and renewal of the rule of the single ‎letter in the formations of Arabic calligraphy in particular, which included four chapters, ‎the first chapter included the research problem, its importance, objectives, limits and ‎definition of its terms. ‎ As for the second chapter, it deals with tracing the concept of rooting and ‎renewal and its connection with the artist and the possession of the idea and the ability ‎to technical aesthetic expression, through the one-letter linear formations made by ‎calligraphers, relying on the spatial organization and choosing the appropriate letter for ‎the composition. The analysis concluded with a number of results that were devoted to the fourth ‎chapter, which showed rooting, renewal, acceptance of decorative and different ‎aesthetic formations in structural structures, and investing some characteristics of letters ‎to arrange and divide the linear structure into creative forms and structures.

Is There Semantic Conflict in the Stroop Task?

This research addressed current controversies concerning the contribution of semantic conflict to the Stroop interference effect and its reduction by a single-letter coloring and cueing procedure. On the first issue, it provides, for the first time, unambiguous evidence for a contribution of semantic conflict to the (overall) Stroop interference effect. The reported data remained inconclusive on the second issue, despite being collected in a considerable sample and analyzed with both classical (frequentist) and Bayesian inferential approaches. Given that in all past Stroop studies, semantic conflict was possibly confounded with either response conflict (e.g., when semantic-associative items [ SKYblue] are used to induce semantic conflict) or with facilitation (when color-congruent items [ BLUEblue] are used as baseline to derive a magnitude for semantic conflict), its genuine contribution to the Stroop interference effect is the most critical result reported in the present study. Indeed, it leaves no doubt – in complete contrast to dominant single-stage response competition models (e.g., Roelofs, 2003 ) – that selection occurs at the semantic level in the Stroop task. The immediate implications for the composite (as opposed to unitary) nature of the Stroop interference effect and other still unresolved issues in the Stroop literature are outlined further.

On the Non-Adaptive Zero-Error Capacity of the Discrete Memoryless Two-Way Channel

We study the problem of communicating over a discrete memoryless two-way channel using non-adaptive schemes, under a zero probability of error criterion. We derive single-letter inner and outer bounds for the zero-error capacity region, based on random coding, linear programming, linear codes, and the asymptotic spectrum of graphs. Among others, we provide a single-letter outer bound based on a combination of Shannon’s vanishing-error capacity region and a two-way analogue of the linear programming bound for point-to-point channels, which, in contrast to the one-way case, is generally better than both. Moreover, we establish an outer bound for the zero-error capacity region of a two-way channel via the asymptotic spectrum of graphs, and show that this bound can be achieved in certain cases.

Insertion-deletion systems with substitutions I

In this paper, we discuss the addition of substitutions as a further type of operations to (in particular, context-free) insertion-deletion systems, i.e., in addition to insertions and deletions we allow single letter replacements to occur. We investigate the effect of the addition of substitution rules on the context dependency of such systems, thereby also obtaining new characterizations of and even normal forms for context-sensitive (CS) and recursively enumerable (RE) languages and their phrase-structure grammars. More specifically, we prove that for each RE language, there is a system generating this language that only inserts and deletes strings of length two without considering the context of the insertion or deletion site, but which may change symbols (by a substitution operation) by checking a single symbol to the left of the substitution site. When we allow checking left and right single-letter context in substitutions, even context-free insertions and deletions of single letters suffice to reach computational completeness. When allowing context-free insertions only, checking left and right single-letter context in substitutions gives a new characterization of CS. This clearly shows the power of this new type of rules.

An Analysis of Students’ Spelling Errors in Writing at the 8th grade of SMPN 2 Kamang Magek

The aim of the research was to find out students’ spelling errors and the causes of spelling errors in writing. Writing spelling correctly is important in order to not make misunderstanding for the reader and writer. In field, researcher found some problem at related to students’ spelling errors. Most of students were not interested when they wrote spell correctly. Then, most of students were doubt in the letter that have same sound. The last was most of students often wrote Indonesian spelling in writing English that have similiar sound. The purposes of this research based on three research questions were to find out the kinds of error in spelling, the most common spelling error, and the causes of spelling error were made by students in writing. In this research, the researcher used mix method research by using descriptive design. The mix method was the combination of qualitative research and quantitative research. Quantitative research was used to answer the kind of students’ spelling error in writing and most common of error in writing. Qualitative research was used to know the causes of students’ spelling error in writing. The informants of this research was the students of VIII-1 class in SMP N 2 Kamang Magek. The total was 22 students. The data was got through documentation and interview. Documentation was used to get quantitative data and interview was used to get qualitative data. The researcher asked the students’ writing to the teacher as a documentation. The interview was done directly and indirectly because of the pandemi. The result of the research showed that there were 184 spelling errors from 22 students. There were nine kinds of spelling error such as omission of letter, addition of letter, single letter instead of double letter, double letter instead of single letter, substitution of letter, interchange of two adjacent of letter, involving an apostrophe, multiple error. Therefore, the most common spelling error was substitution of letter which students changed letter incorrectly with 35,3% percentage. Moreover, there were some reasons why the students of SMP N 2 Kamang Magek made spelling error. The first was the difficulties between spoken and written form in English, it made students were not able to remember the spelling. Second was most of students were influenced by students’ first language when they wrote spelling. The last was lack of students’ desire to write correct spelling.

Thermodynamic Implementations of Quantum Processes

Recent understanding of the thermodynamics of small-scale systems have enabled the characterization of the thermodynamic requirements of implementing quantum processes for fixed input states. Here, we extend these results to construct optimal universal implementations of a given process, that is, implementations that are accurate for any possible input state even after many independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) repetitions of the process. We find that the optimal work cost rate of such an implementation is given by the thermodynamic capacity of the process, which is a single-letter and additive quantity defined as the maximal difference in relative entropy to the thermal state between the input and the output of the channel. Beyond being a thermodynamic analogue of the reverse Shannon theorem for quantum channels, our results introduce a new notion of quantum typicality and present a thermodynamic application of convex-split methods.

Identifying The Common Type of Spelling Error by Leveraging Levenshtein Distance and N-gram

A spelling error commonly occurs during document writing. It probably happens due to the authors’ vocabulary incompetence or they may strike the improper key in the keyboard. The types of errors that mostly appear such as insertion of an extra letter, deletion of one letter, substitution of one letter, or transposition of two adjacent letters. This study aims to identify the common type of spelling error and it uses the list of common misspelling words submitted by Wikipedia contributors.A brief overview of Levenshtein and N-gram distance techniques is provided to describe the technical approaches that support the author to achieve the purpose of this study.Those two techniques are utilised to predict the correct word of misspellings from the English dictionary.This study shows that Levenshtein works well to correct substitution single letter and transposition two sequenced letters, while N-gram operates effectively to fix the word with letter omission.The overall result is then evaluated by recall measurement to see which technique that works well on correcting the misspellings. Since the recall of Levenshtein is higher than N-gram, it is concluded that the frequency of misspelling words which are correctly fixed by Levenshteinoccurs more often.

انسجامُ الخطابِ القرآني في المستوى الدّلالي: السُّوَرُ المُفتَتَحَةُ بحرفٍ مُقطَّعٍ واحدٍ نموذجًا

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن الانسجام الدلالي في السور المفتتَحة بحرف مُقطّع واحد، وهي سورة (ص)، وسورة (ق)ـ وسورة القلم اعتمادًا على فهم الدلالات الخفية للحروف المقطعة التي افتتحت بها هذه السور الكريمة، حيث يسعى الباحثان لبيان الارتباط الدلالي للحروف الثلاثة (ص / ق/ ن) التي افتتحت بها هذه السور اعتمادًا على مبادئ الانسجام الدلالي، وهي: السياق، والتغريض، والتأويل المحلي، وترتيب الخطاب والتكرار. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أن هناك انسجامًا عجيبًا في دلالة عنوان السورة على ما فيها من معانٍ ودلالات خفية؛ فسورة (ص) جاءت منسجمة في دلالتها على الصبر على الخصومة، ويمكن تأويل حرف (ص) بالصبر، أما سورة (ق) فقد جاءت منسجمة في دلالتها على إثبات يوم القيامة، ويمكن تأويل حرف (ق) بالقيامة، في حين يمثل حرف (ن) في سورة القلم النبوة وإثباتها، وحرف (ن) هو الحرف الأقوى فيها. this study is important to expose the coherence indicative in chapters that begin with a single letter or abbreviated letter such as in chapter Saad, chapter Qaaf and chapter Al-Qalam. This study will try to clarify the connotation of these chapters and the indicative relevance for these three single letters (Saad, Qaaf, Noon) in each chapter relying on the principle of coherence indicative which are the context, the purpose, the local interpretation, the order, and the repetition of the discourse. The study shows that there is an interesting coherence indicative in the abbreviated letter of these chapters with the meaning as well as the hidden indications within each chapter, chapter Saad comes in coherence with its connotation of patience when there is dispute or conflict and the letter Saad is considered to be the strongest letter within the chapter. Chapter Qaaf comes in coherence with its connotation of proving the judgment day and the letter Qaaf is considered to be the strongest letter within this chapter. Chapter Al-Qalam comes in coherence with its connotation of clarifying the prophecy and the letter Noon is considered to be the strongest within this chapter

Heterogeneity in Proline Hydroxylation of Fibrillar Collagens Observed by Mass Spectrometry

Collagen is the major protein in the extracellular matrix and plays vital roles in tissue development and function. Collagen is also one of the most processed proteins in its biosynthesis. The most prominent post-translational modification (PTM) of collagen is the hydroxylation of Pro residues in the Y-position of the characteristic (Gly-Xaa-Yaa) repeating amino acid sequence of a collagen triple helix. Recent studies using mass-spectrometry (MS) and tandem MS sequencing (MS/MS) have revealed unexpected hydroxylation of Pro residues in the X-positions (X-Hyp). The newly identified X-Hyp residues appear to be highly heterogeneous in location and percent occupancy. In order to understand the dynamic nature of the new X-Hyps and their potential impact on applications of MS and MS/MS for collagen research, we sampled four different collagen samples using standard MS and MS/MS techniques. We found considerable variations in the degree of PTMs of the same collagen from different organisms and/or tissues. The rat tail tendon type I collagen is particularly variable in terms of both over-hydroxylation of Pro in the X-position and under-hydroxylation of Pro in the Y-position. In contrast, only a few unexpected PTMs in collagens type I and type III from human placenta were observed. The reproducibility of the different sequencing efforts of the same sample is also limited especially when the modified species are present at a low population, presumably due to the unpredictable nature of the ionization process. Additionally, despite the heterogeneous preparation and sourcing, collagen samples from commercial sources do not show elevated variations in PTMs compared to samples prepared from a single tissue and/or organism. These findings will contribute to the growing body of information regarding the PTMs of collagen by MS technology, and culminate to a more comprehensive understanding of the extent and the functional roles of the PTMs of collagen.Abbreviations pageBoth the single letter and the three letter abbreviations of an amino acid will be used with the following additions: Hyp or O stands for 4R-hydroxylated proline and 3Hyp stands for 3- hydroxylated proline. When needed for clarity, the lower case single letter abbreviation will be used to represent the genomic DNA sequence, and upper case ones the sequence seen in the peptides.