SUFISTIC LANGUAGE STYLE IN AL-QUSHAYRI’S NAHW AL-QULUB

This study aims to reveal the forms of language style used in "Nahw al-Qulub al-Kabir," the work of al-Qushayri with aesthetic values. It also intends to reveal the meaning effects implied in the language forms. This study uses a stylistic approach in analyzing text's language style, especially at the construction of the morphological level, syntax, and imagery. This research shows that the language style constructs the morphological level through word selection, word forms, and movement from one-word form to another. At the syntactic level, there are unusual sentence patterns and high intensity of using ma mausul as khobar. At the imagery level, al-Qushyari uses many patterns of isti'arah, tashbih, kinayah, saja', iqtibas, and tauriyyah. The extraction of meaning effect also carries a solid sufistic teachings dimension, including takhalli, tahalli, tajalli, ma’rifat, maqam jama’ and farq, and the teachings of Akhlaqi Sufism.

„Zagęszczenia wieloznaczeń” – gry językowe w poezji Urszuli Kozioł

The article presents the linguistic mechanisms used by the poet Urszula Kozioł to play poetic linguistic games with her readers. Based on selected poems, the article discusses the ways of employing means from various levels of the language system, including the phonetic, morphological, inflection, syntactic and semantic systems. It is pointed out that U. Kozioł’s linguistic games are often based on complex etymological and word-building mechanisms. As a result of these, the poetry is full of unexpected, often ambiguous word forms that surprise the readers with their unconstricted morphological and phonetic form with frequently unspecified and unclear meaning, making room for new, often non-standard interpretations.

Language, culture, and image-driven interpretations in translation: A case for the university translation classroom in Ukraine

In this paper, we develop a theory of image-driven interpretations for the translation studies domain. Interpretations make the core of translation and are explained in terms of mental images. An image-driven interpretation gives a meaning to a source-language word and finds in the target language the word to capture this meaning, which is a creative act and a cross-cultural transfer. An interpretation is ‘drawing’ images in the human mind by the powers of the mind’s representational content. Our theory proposes a role for etymological insight in boosting translation students’ interpretive skills via exposed inner word forms. These archaic archetypal images contain culture-specific information transmitted through human generations with the help of language. Inner word forms are non-trivial triggers in cultural exposure that raise students’ awareness of the native and foreign cultures and add an in-depth dimension to regular vocabulary work and other good practices in the translation classroom. We pin down some of the influences that native Ukrainian words and borrowings have had on the Ukrainians’ interpretive mind.

"All mimsy were the borogoves” – A discriminative learning model of morphological knowledge in pseudo-word inflection

Grammatical knowledge of native speakers has often been investigated in so-called wug tests, in which participants have to inflect pseudo-word forms (wugs). Typically it has been argued that in inflecting these pseudo-words, speakers apply their knowledge of word formation processes. However, it remains unclear what exactly this knowledge is and how it is learned.According to one theory, the knowledge is best characterized as abstractions and rules that specify how units can be combined. Another theory maintains that it is best characterized by analogy. In both cases the knowledge is learned by association based on positive evidence alone.In this paper, we model the classification of pseudo-words to Maltese plural classes on the basis of phonetic input using a shallow neural network trained with an error-driven learning algorithm. We demonstrate that the classification patterns mirror those of Maltese native speakers in a wug test. Our results indicate that speakers rely on gradient knowledge of a relation between the phonetics of whole words and plural classes, which is learned in an error-driven way.

Morphological Means in Russian: Clarification of the Concept

The concept of “morphological / grammatical means” is widely used in studies on the Russian language, although there is no generally accepted interpretation. This work analyzes the reflection of this concept in Russian studies and clarifies the status of those linguistic units that are traditionally referred to as morphological means: form-building affixes, alternating sounds (internal inflection), stress, supplementary word stems, auxiliary words, intonation, as well as word order. Our research has shown that these linguistic units have different functional status in the morphological structure of the Russian language. First, these are categorical, or actually morphological, means, represented by formative affixes and auxiliary words. They are carriers of morphological meanings in the structure of abstracted morphological forms – the basic units of inflectional Russian morphology. Secondly, a non-categorical means, syncretic and accidental for morphology, are supplementary stems that contain not only lexical, but also morphological meaning and thus duplicate the expression of morphological information in a word form with a form-building affix. Thirdly, these are linguistic units that are not elements of the morphological structure, but have morphological significance, which is manifested in their ability to differentiate homonymous morphological forms in the structure of word forms (alternating sounds and stress) or utterances (intonation). Word order can also perform a similar function. The study allows us to clarify the definition of the concept under consideration: morphological means are linguistic units that are carriers of morphological meanings and constituents of morphological forms.

The forms and meanings of grammatical markers support efficient communication

Functionalist accounts of language suggest that forms are paired with meanings in ways that support efficient communication. Previous work on grammatical marking suggests that word forms have lengths that enable efficient production, and work on the semantic typology of the lexicon suggests that word meanings represent efficient partitions of semantic space. Here we establish a theoretical link between these two lines of work and present an information-theoretic analysis that captures how communicative pressures influence both form and meaning. We apply our approach to the grammatical features of number, tense, and evidentiality and show that the approach explains both which systems of feature values are attested across languages and the relative lengths of the forms for those feature values. Our approach shows that general information-theoretic principles can capture variation in both form and meaning across languages.

The system of factors to define word change paradigms of militi-pseudonyms in the modern Ukrainian language

The article is concerned with consideration of specific characteristics of militi- pseudonyms as of made-up personal names of the military, the focus is made on the fact that the problem of normative reproduction of such proprieties in orthography is not set up. It is also emphasized that militi-pseudonyms of Ukrainian heroes of different times, in particular of liberation struggle in 1917–1922, 1938–1950, of today’s Russian-Ukrainian war, are to be written with capital letters and without inverted commas. It is recommended that such information and examples be added to the corresponding paragraph in «Ukrainian Orthography» and determined as a grammar standard. The publication involves a detailed analysis of relevant factors system necessary to define elementary paradigmatic classes of militi- pseudonyms. On the whole, there have been defined 23 out of 33 possible nouns in the modern Ukrainian literary language, which can be changed, 6 being considered as potential. Noun declension of proprieties, functioning as the military’s names, is influenced by part of speech characteristics (lexico-grammatical class of nouns, in particular substantivized verbs, numerals, adjectives, participles, adverbs, interjections, etc), by declension type (those of a noun, adjective or referred to differently declined), by lexical meaning, by belonging to a definite class or subclass of onyms, to the person category, definite gender, declension, declension group, short paradigm (only singular word forms), by different word formants, definite stem finals, identity of all word forms or inflexional rows integrity (with or without variant or analytical forms, priority of some of them) within declension paradigm, accentual, contextual, orthographic, morphological, dialect factors, possible deviation from expected forms and changes in the paradigm caused by extra lingual factors (political, military, social, cultural, religious, etc.).

Morphological Tagging and Lemmatization in the Albanian Language

An important element of Natural Language Processing is parts of speech tagging. With fine-grained word-class annotations, the word forms in a text can be enhanced and can also be used in downstream processes, such as dependency parsing. The improved search options that tagged data offers also greatly benefit linguists and lexicographers. Natural language processing research is becoming increasingly popular and important as unsupervised learning methods are developed. There are some aspects of the Albanian language that make the creation of a part-of-speech tag set challenging. This research provides a discussion of those issues linguistic phenomena and presents a proposal for a part-of-speech tag set that can adequately represent them. The corpus contains more than 250,000 tokens, each annotated with a medium-sized tag set. The Albanian language’s syntagmatic aspects are adequately represented. Additionally, in this paper are morphologically and part-of-speech tagged corpora for the Albanian language, as well as lemmatize and neural morphological tagger trained on these corpora. Based on the held-out evaluation set, the model achieves 93.65% accuracy on part-of-speech tagging, The morphological tagging rate was 85.31 % and the lemmatization rate was 88.95%. Furthermore, the TF-IDF technique weighs terms and with the scores are highlighted words that have additional information for the Albanian corpus.

Czech Translations of the Gospel of Matthew from the Diachronic Point of View – Plus Ça Change…

The paper focuses on dynamics of changes of several linguistic and text properties in diachronic development of Czech. Specifically, we analyze the proportion of identical word-forms (types), the average type length, text length, the proportion of hapax legomena, the moving average type-token ratio, and entropy. For the analysis, seven translations of the Gospel of Matthew from the 14th to the 21st century were used. The study reveals some differences in dynamics of changes of particular properties.

Pidgin and Creole: Concept, Origin, and Evolution

Every language has a history, and, as in the rest of human culture, changes are constantly taking place in the course of the learned transmission of a language from one generation to another. Human culture and animal behavior contain differences. Language changes in all their aspects, in their pronunciation, word forms, syntax, and word meaning (semantic change). These changes are mostly very gradual in their operation becoming noticeable only cumulatively over the course of several generations. Pidgins and creoles (p & c) are not different- They are also undergoing different types of changes. This paper tries to investigate the concepts of p & c by analyzing different linguistic views and tracing back the origin of these contact languages with the help of different theories. This study throws some light on the evolution of p & c and aims at attaching proper value to them.