Analysis of Trends and Correlation in Child Restraint Use and Seating Position of Child Passengers in Motor Vehicles: Application of a Bivariate Probit Model

Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death and injury for children under 8 years. While different states are showing increases in the proportion of child restraint device use, only around half of the children aged between 4 to 7 years are being properly restrained. This study was undertaken to identify the factors contributing to the proper child restraint use and child passenger’s seating position through the direct observation surveys of more than 10,000 child passengers in 2015 and 2018 in Michigan. A bivariate probit model was developed to simultaneously identify the contributing factors for the proper restraint use and seating position of child passengers. The bivariate framework is able to account for correlation of the two dependent variables in the study. The results show that the two dependent variables are positively correlated, and this correlation is strongly significant. Also, the key factors simultaneously influencing proper child restraint use and appropriate seating position of the child passenger include the age of the child, number of the child passengers in the vehicle, driver belt use, driver gender, age, and race, vehicle type, stratum, weather, and the time of the day and week. However, factors such as county-specific population, income, and education, and the type of location did not have a significant association with either child restraint use or the seating position of the child passenger.

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Rideshare use among parents and their children

Injury Epidemiology ◽

10.1186/s40621-021-00302-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Johnathon P. Ehsani ◽

Jeffrey P. Michael ◽

Andrea Gielen

Keyword(s):

Motor Vehicle ◽

College Education ◽

Total Sample ◽

Legal Guardian ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Risk Of Injury ◽

Restraint Use ◽

Child Restraint ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Child Restraint System

AbstractMotor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for young children. Millions of ridesharing trips are taken each day, and use of these services is predicted to increase. Therefore, it is important to examine the safety of children in these vehicles. We conducted a survey of a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults aged 18 years or older (N = 2017). Of the total sample, 450 respondents reported being a parent or legal guardian of children below the age of 10. Of these, 307 or 68% had ever used ridesharing. Among those who had used ridesharing, a total of 253 or 82% reported using ridesharing with their children below the age of 10 years. Among this group, rideshare use was significantly higher among individuals with college education, and in higher income households. Given that the majority of U.S. states have legislation exempting rideshare vehicles from child restraint system law coverage, our finding of high rates of rideshare use among parents suggests that a large number of children could be at risk of injury due to a lack of appropriate restraint use.

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The bivariate probit model

Applied Econometrics for Health Economists ◽

10.1201/9781785230141-12 ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 39-42

Keyword(s):

Probit Model ◽

Bivariate Probit ◽

Bivariate Probit Model

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Facilitators and barriers to child restraint use in motor vehicles: a qualitative evidence synthesis

Injury Prevention ◽

10.1136/injuryprev-2020-043655 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 478-493 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Soumyadeep Bhaumik ◽

Kate Hunter ◽

Richard Matzopoulos ◽

Megan Prinsloo ◽

Rebecca Q Ivers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Linguistically Diverse ◽

Motor Vehicles ◽

Culturally And Linguistically Diverse ◽

Child Safety ◽

Qualitative Evidence Synthesis ◽

Middle Income ◽

Qualitative Evidence ◽

Restraint Use ◽

Child Restraint ◽

Facilitators And Barriers

BackgroundRoad traffic collisions contribute a significant burden of mortality and morbidity to children globally. The improper or non-use of child restraints can result in children sustaining significant injuries in the event of a collision. Systematic reviews on the effectiveness of various interventions to increase the use of child restraints already exist but to the best of our knowledge, there has been no qualitative evidence syntheses on the facilitators and barriers to child restraint usage. This review aims to fill that gap.MethodsWe searched for qualitative studies, which focused on perceptions, values and experiences of children, parents/caregivers or any other relevant stakeholders on the use of restraints for children travelling in motor vehicles in PubMed, EMBASE and Global Health and screened reference lists of all included studies. We assessed the quality of included studies with the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist and used the PROGRESS Plus lens for an equity focused analysis.ResultsWe identified a total of 335 records from searching the databases and five records from other sources. After screening, we identified 17 studies that met our inclusion criteria. All but one study (which had children as participants) focused on the perceptions, attitudes and barriers of parents or caregivers. The included studies were from three high-income (n=14) and one upper-middle income (n=3) country. In addition, although many focused exclusively on participants from culturally and linguistically diverse minorities, the issue of equity was not well addressed. Five major themes emerged from the analysis. (1) perceived risk for injuries and perceived safety benefits of child restraint usage varies in different settings and between different types of caregivers; (2) practical issues around the use of child restraints is a major barrier to its uptake as a child safety measure; (3) restraint use is considered as a mechanism to discipline children rather than as a safety device by parents and as children became older they actively seek opportunities to negotiate the non-usage of restraints; (4) adoption and enforcement of laws shape perceptions and usage in all settings and (5) perceptions and norms of child safety differ among culturally and linguistically diverse groups.ConclusionThe results of this systematic review should be considered when designing interventions to promote the uptake of child restraints. However, there is a need to conduct qualitative research around the facilitators and barriers to child restraint usage in low-income and middle-income countries. Furthermore, there is a need for more evidence conducted in semiurban and rural areas and to involve fathers, policy-makers, implementers and enforcement agencies in such studies.

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Semiparametric Bivariate Probit Model in Data Working Mother Status and Exclusive Breastfeeding

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/1097/1/012071 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1097 ◽

pp. 012071

Author(s):

A R Umami ◽

V Ratnasari ◽

I Zain

Keyword(s):

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Probit Model ◽

Bivariate Probit ◽

Working Mother ◽

Bivariate Probit Model

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Self-Employed Persons and Wage-Earners in Algeria: Application of a Bivariate Probit Model by Gender and Sector

Women, Work and Welfare in the Middle East and North Africa ◽

10.1142/9781783267347_0010 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 263-290

Author(s):

Soheil Chennouf ◽

Taïeb Hafsi

Keyword(s):

Probit Model ◽

Bivariate Probit ◽

Bivariate Probit Model ◽

Wage Earners

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Virtual car seat checks during a pandemic

Injury Prevention ◽

10.1136/injuryprev-2020-044009 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. injuryprev-2020-044009

Author(s):

Sadiqa Kendi ◽

Michael F Taylor ◽

James Chamberlain

Keyword(s):

Motor Vehicle ◽

Case Series ◽

Preliminary Evidence ◽

Car Seat ◽

Restraint Use ◽

Passenger Safety ◽

Health Community ◽

The Usa ◽

Child Restraint ◽

Children And Young Adults

Motor vehicle collisions are one of the leading causes of death and morbidity in children and young adults in the USA, and suboptimal child restraint use is an important risk factor for severe childhood injury and death. The restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic have presented unique challenges to the public health community, including how to use certified child passenger safety technicians through car seat checks. This case series assessed the feasibility of performing remote car seat checks and parental satisfaction with them. It provides preliminary evidence that remote car seat checks are feasible in a real-world environment and acceptable to caregivers during times in which in-person car seat checks are not safe or accessible.

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