scholarly journals Age-related sensory deficits and their consequences

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan E. Peelle
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
Sensory Deficits ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Sensory Changes ◽  
Visual Processing Speed ◽  
Age Related Changes

Changes in sensory systems are common as we get older, and become more likely with increasing age. In the auditory system, age-related changes are seen in domains such as auditory sensitivity, temporal processing, and spatial localization, which have significant effects on speech understanding. In vision, age related changes are seen in contrast sensitivity, scotopic processing, and visual processing speed, which have consequences for activities such as reading and driving. In addition to hearing and vision, aging is associated with changes in smell, taste, and balance. Beyond simple perceptual processing, age-related sensory changes can increase cognitive demands, requiring greater involvement of domain-general cognitive processes during perception that reduce resources available for other operations. Capturing individual variability in sensory changes and their consequences is an important part of understanding normal and pathological aging.

scholarly journals Age-Related Changes in Visual Processing Speed

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Gollnick ◽  
Kassidy Ha ◽  
Stephanie Pawek ◽  
Zoe Struder ◽  
Amber Zadravecz
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Visual Processing Speed ◽  
Age Related Changes

scholarly journals Age-Related Changes in Visual Processing Speed

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Amber Zadravecz ◽  
Kassidy Ha ◽  
Lauren Gollnick ◽  
Stephanie Pawek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Visual Processing Speed ◽  
Age Related Changes

scholarly journals Auditory word recognition across the lifespan

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 119-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrike K. Blumenfeld ◽  
Scott R. Schroeder ◽  
Susan C. Bobb ◽  
Max R. Freeman ◽  
Viorica Marian
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Auditory Word ◽  
Auditory Word Recognition ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Age Related Changes

Abstract Recent research suggests that bilingual experience reconfigures linguistic and nonlinguistic cognitive processes. We examined the relationship between linguistic competition resolution and nonlinguistic cognitive control in younger and older adults who were either bilingual or monolingual. Participants heard words in English and identified the referent among four pictures while eye-movements were recorded. Target pictures (e.g., cab) appeared with a phonological competitor picture (e.g., cat) and two filler pictures. After each eye-tracking trial, priming probes assessed residual activation and inhibition of target and competitor words. When accounting for processing speed, results revealed that age-related changes in activation and inhibition are smaller in bilinguals than in monolinguals. Moreover, younger and older bilinguals, but not monolinguals, recruited similar inhibition mechanisms during word identification and during a nonlinguistic Stroop task. Results suggest that, during lexical access, bilinguals show more consistent competition resolution and recruitment of cognitive control across the lifespan than monolinguals.

scholarly journals Age-related degradation of optic radiation white matter connectivity differentially predicts visual and non-visual executive functions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina E. Webb ◽  
Patricio M. Viera Perez ◽  
David A. Hoagey ◽  
Chen Gonen ◽  
Karen M. Rodrigue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
White Matter Tracts ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Visual Processing Speed ◽  
White Matter Connectivity ◽  
Optic Radiations

AbstractHealthy aging is accompanied by degraded white matter connectivity, which has been suggested to contribute to cognitive dysfunction observed in aging, especially in relation to fluid measures of cognition. Prior research linking white matter microstructure and cognition, however, has largely been limited to major association and heteromodal white matter tracts. The optic radiations (OR), which transfer visual sensory-perceptual information from thalamic lateral geniculate nucleus to primary visual cortex, are generally considered lower-level input-relay white matter tracts. However, the role of this prominent white-matter visual relay system in supporting higher-order cognition is understudied, especially in regard to healthy aging. The present study used deterministic tractography to isolate OR fractional anisotropy (FA) in 130 participants aged 20-94 to assess age effects on OR tract white matter connectivity. We also examined associations between age-related differences in the OR and cognitive domains involving visual processing speed, and visual- and non-visual executive function (EF). OR microstructural integrity, as indexed by FA, exhibited a significant linear decrease across age. A significant interaction between age, FA, and cognitive domain on cognitive task performance indicated that in older age, more degraded OR white matter was associated with poorer visual EF, but no age-related association between FA in the OR and visual processing speed or verbal EF was observed. Findings suggest the optic radiations are not merely sensory-perceptual relays, but also influence higher-order visual cognition differentially with aging.

Visual attention in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder before and after stimulant treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (15) ◽  
pp. 2617-2625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Marie Low ◽  
Signe Vangkilde ◽  
Julijana le Sommer ◽  
Birgitte Fagerlund ◽  
Birte Glenthøj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Stimulant Medication ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Visual Processing Speed ◽  
Adhd Symptomatology

AbstractBackgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder which frequently persists into adulthood. The primary goal of the current study was to (a) investigate attentional functions of stimulant medication-naïve adults with ADHD, and (b) investigate the effects of 6 weeks of methylphenidate treatment on these functions.MethodsThe study was a prospective, non-randomized, non-blinded, 6-week follow-up design with 42 stimulant medication-naïve adult patients with ADHD, and 42 age and parental education-matched healthy controls. Assessments included measures of visual attention, based on Bundesen's Theory of Visual Attention (TVA), which yields five precise measures of aspects of visual attention; general psychopathology; ADHD symptoms; dyslexia screening; and estimates of IQ.ResultsAt baseline, significant differences were found between patients and controls on three attentional parameters: visual short-term memory capacity, threshold of conscious perception, and to a lesser extent visual processing speed. Secondary analyses revealed no significant correlations between TVA parameter estimates and severity of ADHD symptomatology. At follow-up, significant improvements were found specifically for visual processing speed; this improvement had a large effect size, and remained when controlling for re-test effects, IQ, and dyslexia screen performance. There were no significant correlations between changes in visual processing speed and changes in ADHD symptomatology.ConclusionsADHD in adults may be associated with deficits in three distinct aspects of visual attention. Improvements after 6 weeks of medication are seen specifically in visual processing speed, which could represent an improvement in alertness. Clinical symptoms and visual attentional deficits may represent separate aspects of ADHD in adults.

Neurosteroids and cholinergic systems: implications for sleep and cognitive processes and potential role of age-related changes

2006 ◽  
Vol 186 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier George ◽  
Monique Vallée ◽  
Michel Le Moal ◽  
Willy Mayo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Cholinergic Systems ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes

Phasic alertness cues modulate visual processing speed in healthy aging

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marleen Haupt ◽  
Christian Sorg ◽  
Natan Napiórkowski ◽  
Kathrin Finke
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Phasic Alertness ◽  
Visual Processing Speed
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