scholarly journals Assessing malingering in dissociative identity disorder: A case report and literature review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renzo Carlo Lanfranco ◽  
Juan Carlos Martínez-Aguayo ◽  
Marcelo Arancibia
Keyword(s):  
Dissociative Identity Disorder ◽  
Multiple Personality Disorder ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
Defence Mechanisms ◽  
Personality Styles ◽  
Personality Inventories ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Positive Impression ◽  
High Consistency

Dissociative identity disorder (DID), formerly known as multiple personality disorder, is characterised by two or more identities that control a patient’s actions, each typically with a distinct personal history, self-awareness, and name. They are believed to be the result of trauma-related dissociative defence mechanisms. Substantial progress has been made to determine the cognitive, neural, and psychometric signatures of dissociative identities. However, tools to discriminate genuine DID individuals from malingerers are still lacking. Here, we review the empirical attempts that have been made to detect malingerers of DID. Additionally, we present the case of a DID patient who exhibited nine different identities. After clinically ruling out malingering and factitious behaviour, we assessed her primary identity and two alternate identities (a trauma identity and an avoidant identity) using the Millon Index of Personality Styles. We found three very distinct personality profiles, with evident differences between primary and trauma identities. The profiles had high consistency scores and moderate to low negative and positive impression scores, respectively, thus supporting the profile’s validity for interpretation. Future studies should employ personality inventories that go beyond psychopathological symptoms to describe the consistency and adaptation style of dissociative identities when assessing malingering.

Sex offenders: una ricerca in una casa circondariale italiana (Sex offenders: a study in an italian discritct penitentiary)

2009 ◽  
pp. 81-102
Author(s):  
Patrizia Patrizi ◽  
Filippo Petruccelli ◽  
Irene Petruccelli ◽  
Chiara Simonelli ◽  
Alfredo De Risio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Offenders ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Personality Profile ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
Defence Mechanisms ◽  
Sexual Crimes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Male Prisoners

- A large number of studies have aimed at outlining the personality profile of sex offenders; however, due to the heterogenousness of such crime and their perpetrators, this task is very difficult. This study attempts to highlight the different types of sex offenders, their personality profiles, their possible defence mechanisms. Methods: Subjects of this study are male prisoners detained in a special section of the district penitentiary in Velletri (Rome, Italy). All subjects (N=8) were convicted of sexual crimes towards children and/or women. Their mean age is 51. Prisoners on remand were not included in this study. The adopted tools are: a Grid for collecting the anamnesis and the information regarding the crime; the Big Five Questionnaire; the Sesamo. Results and conclusions: Results proved the difficulties to outline a personality profile of sex offenders, but pointed out some common psycho-sexual aspects. These aspects were probably related to the prison situation of the subjects. Key words: sex offenders; personality profile; district penitentiary.

scholarly journals Personality Disorder in Terms of Psychology and Linguistics

2021 ◽  
pp. 48-61
Author(s):  
Boris Ju. Norman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Dissociative Identity Disorder ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Multiple Personality Disorder ◽  
Triggering Mechanism ◽  
Multiple Personality ◽  
Material Texts ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
The Ideal

The article analyzes cases of multiple personality disorder (dissociative identity disorder) and their reflection in fiction. The purpose of the article is to classify various situations and identify the causes and prerequisites for this phenomenon. The process of splitting consciousness is accompanied by certain changes in the individual’s speech. This concerns the choice of words and grammatical forms (especially forms of the person’s category). The collected material (texts of novellas, short stories, poems, and screenplays) gives grounds for some conclusions. The main prerequisites for dissociative identity disorder are the versatility of the personality, the ability to look at it “from the inside” and “from the outside,” as well as the individual’s tendency to constantly evaluate his thoughts and actions. Past violence, severe stress, internal discomfort, etc. can act as a cause (“triggering mechanism”) of the phenomenon under study. The author shows cases of endoscopic and exoscopic disintegration of identity using literary facts. In the latter case, there is a connection with the Freudian concept of the “Ideal I”, which includes an observer. The topic of doubles, which is immensely popular in art, and the relationship between the author of a literary work and his pseudonym are also touched upon.

Memory, Amnesia, and Dissociative Identity Disorder

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 417-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Eich ◽  
Dawn Macaulay ◽  
Richard J. Loewenstein ◽  
Patrice H. Dihle
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
Dissociative Identity Disorder ◽  
Multiple Personality Disorder ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Current Experiment ◽  
Multiple Personality ◽  
Word Stem Completion ◽  
Transfer Of Information ◽  
Test Priming

Virtually all patients with dissociative identity (or multiple personality) disorder manifest interpersonality amnesia, whereby events experienced by a particular personality state or identity are retrievable by that same identity but not by a different one Though considered a hallmark of dissociative identity disorder (DID), interpersonality amnesia has to date attracted little empirical attention. Further, the few studies on the topic typically include just 1 DID patient and a single index of retention In contrast the current experiment involved 9 DID patients and several measures of either explicit or implicit memory Replicating and extending the single-case study of Nissen, Ross, Willingham, MacKenzie, and Schacter (1988), the present results revealed that implicit testing is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for demonstrating transfer of information from one identity to another Specifically, whereas priming in word-stem completion occurred only if the same personality state performed at both study and at test, priming in picture-fragment completion was as robust between different identities as it was within the same identity Discussion focuses on prospects for future research aimed at understanding the nature and scope of interpersonality amnesia

scholarly journals You ≠ me: individual differences in the structure of social cognition.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Shaw ◽  
Kristina Czekoova ◽  
Charlotte Rebecca Pennington ◽  
Adam Qureshi ◽  
Beáta Špiláková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Visual Perspective ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
Personality Styles ◽  
Visual Perspective Taking ◽  
Interoceptive Accuracy

This study investigated the structure of social cognition, and how it is influenced by personality; specifically, how various socio-cognitive capabilities, and the pattern of inter-relationships and co-dependencies among them differ between divergent personality styles. To measure social cognition, a large non-clinical sample (n = 290) undertook an extensive battery of self-report and performance-based measures of visual perspective taking, imitative tendencies, affective empathy, interoceptive accuracy, emotion regulation, and state affectivity. These same individuals then completed the Personality Styles and Disorders Inventory. Latent Profile Analysis revealed two dissociable personality profiles that exhibited contrasting cognitive and affective dispositions, and multivariate analyses indicated further that these profiles differed on measures of social cognition; individuals characterised by a flexible and adaptive personality profile expressed higher action orientation (emotion regulation) compared to those showing more inflexible tendencies, along with better visual perspective taking, superior interoceptive accuracy, less imitative tendencies, and lower personal distress and negativity. These characteristics point towards more efficient self-other distinction, and to higher cognitive control more generally. Moreover, low-level cognitive mechanisms served to mediate other higher level socio-emotional capabilities. Together, these findings elucidate the cognitive and affective underpinnings of individual differences in social behaviour, providing a data-driven model that should guide future research in this area.

scholarly journals Dissociative identity disorder as a wide range of defense mechanisms in children with a history of early childhood trauma

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-129
Author(s):  
Marta Cudzik ◽  
Ewelina Soroka ◽  
Marcin Olajossy
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Dissociative Identity Disorder ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multiple Personality Disorder ◽  
Multiple Personality ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Introduction: Dissociative identity disorder, also known as multiple personality disorder, involves simultaneous manifestation of multiple alternative personalities in one human body. The disorder is still a puzzle to contemporary researchers. In comparison to the United States, where the detection rate of this disorder is growing, in Poland, it is still a niche issue, unknown to many scientists and clinicians. Rather alarmingly, this situation has remained the same for many years now. Objective: The aim of the present study is to draw attention to the adaptive character of dissociative identity disorder as a defense mechanism in children who have experienced extremely traumatic events in early childhood. The work also sets itself the task of disseminating knowledge about multiple personality disorder in the Polish scientific community, with the hope of encouraging wider research in this area in Poland. Material and Methods: To investigate this issue, we searched articles available in the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Polish Medical Bibliography (Polska Bibliografia Lekarska) databases for the years 1960–2018. The following search terms were used: multiple personality, dissociative identity disorder, dissociative identity disorder and children. On the basis of a meta-analysis of the available literature, we offer a general characterization of the disorder, describe its symptomatology, present several theories of its etiology and conclude it through the prism of its adaptive function. Results and Discussion: From the analysis of the gather data, we can conclude that multiple personality disorder can be a broad variant of the child's defense mechanisms against extreme, traumatic events from childhood, which they try to cope with by creating alter personalities. Abused children create other representations of the Self to be able to rid themselves of suffering, a process that is necessary for them to survive and further develop mentally and physically. Conclusions: There is no doubt that Polish research on this disorder is much needed. It could provide more information on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of multiple personality. In addition, a better understanding of the issue might bring us closer to the understanding of how the human mind works.

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