Liposomes: A Novel Carrier for Targeted Delivery of Active Agents against Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder in which people have abnormal perceptions of reality. Schizophrenia can cause hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior. Schizophrenia, contrary to popular belief, is not a split or multiple personality disorder. The term "schizophrenia" literally means "split mind," but it refers to a disruption in the normal balance of thoughts. Clozapine is currently the only medication approved by the USFDA for the treatment of refractory schizophrenia. However, for patients who do not respond to clozapine or for whom clozapine therapy fails to treat refractory schizophrenia, a combination of antipsychotics is used. Overall, the focus of this article is to summaries the most recent findings and news concerning liposome technology in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, as well as to demonstrate the potential of this technology for the development of novel therapeutics and the potential applications of liposomes in the two most common Schizophrenia disorders.

Assessing malingering in dissociative identity disorder: A case report and literature review

Dissociative identity disorder (DID), formerly known as multiple personality disorder, is characterised by two or more identities that control a patient’s actions, each typically with a distinct personal history, self-awareness, and name. They are believed to be the result of trauma-related dissociative defence mechanisms. Substantial progress has been made to determine the cognitive, neural, and psychometric signatures of dissociative identities. However, tools to discriminate genuine DID individuals from malingerers are still lacking. Here, we review the empirical attempts that have been made to detect malingerers of DID. Additionally, we present the case of a DID patient who exhibited nine different identities. After clinically ruling out malingering and factitious behaviour, we assessed her primary identity and two alternate identities (a trauma identity and an avoidant identity) using the Millon Index of Personality Styles. We found three very distinct personality profiles, with evident differences between primary and trauma identities. The profiles had high consistency scores and moderate to low negative and positive impression scores, respectively, thus supporting the profile’s validity for interpretation. Future studies should employ personality inventories that go beyond psychopathological symptoms to describe the consistency and adaptation style of dissociative identities when assessing malingering.

Dua Sisi Kepribadian Bertolak Belakang: Psikoanalisis Freudian dalam Novel Deviasi Karya Mira W

Abstrak Teori Psikoanalisis Freud bukan saja digunakan untuk terapi pada manusia, akan tetapi sering juga digunakan untuk menelaah karya sastra yang memuat masalah-masalah psikologis tokoh yang ada di dalam karya sastra. Sigmund Freud dikenal dengan teorinya mengenai lapisan kesadaran, dan ia sendiri mengujicobakan teorinya mengenai lapisan kesadaran ini ke dalam karya sastra. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk menelaah tokoh yang mengalami penyimpangan secara kejiwaan dalam novel karya Mira W. yang berjudul Deviasi dengan menggunakan teori dan pendekatan psikoanalisis Freud dalam karya sastra. Hasil analisis memperlihatkan bahwa tokoh utama dalam novel ini mengalami masalah kejiwaan berat sehingga menderita Dissociative Identity Disorder(DID) atau Multiple Personality Disorder, yakni suatu kelainan kejiwaan yang mengakibatkan seseorang memiliki kepribadian ganda. Kelainan kejiwaan ini tidak muncul begitu saja, akan tetapi ada sebuah penyebab yang berasal dari masa kanak-kanak dan butuh rentangan waktu yang panjang untuk memperlihatkan bahwa seseorang telah menyimpang secara kejiwaan, atau tidak norma Abstract Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory is not only used for therapy in humans, but often also used to examine literary works that contain psychological problems of characters inside literary works. Sigmund Freud was known for his theory of the layer of consciousness, and he tested his theory into literary work. The purpose of this paper is to examine the characters who experience psychiatric disorder in Mira W's novel entitled Deviasi using Freud's psychoanalytic theory and approach in literary works. The results of the analysis show that the main character in this novel suffered severe psychiatric problems and he had suffered of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) or Multiple Personality Disorder, a psychiatric disorder that results in a person having multiple personalities. This psychiatric disorder does not appear just in sudden, but there is a cause that originates from childhood and requires a long stretch of time to show that someone has psychological disorder or abnormally deviated.

Unveiling the Forbidden: Exploration of the Uncanny ‘Other’ in Bollywood Films

The paper explores how multiple personality disorder and schizophrenia are represented in selected Hindi films (Karthik Calling Karthik. Bhool Bhulaiyaa, Aparichit, Madhoshi) and how they affect the attitudes of the common people. Psychoanalytic theory is employed to analyze the concept of mental illness as depicted in these films. The protagonist in the films is a sufferer of either multiple personality disorder, schizophrenia, or mental illness, and these psychological states are central themes. After analyzing the films, it could be stated that Bollywood has moved beyond presenting religious rituals as a cure to mental illness. Psychiatrists gained importance in Hindi films, successfully representing some of the symptoms of multiple personality disorder and schizophrenia. However, the films just mention the treatment procedures and presented them as an easy method. Hence projecting the treatment of mental disorders in Hindi films remains less serious and fictional. Filmmakers should research and investigate the real patients, their families, and doctors before making films on mental illness.

Personality Disorder in Terms of Psychology and Linguistics

The article analyzes cases of multiple personality disorder (dissociative identity disorder) and their reflection in fiction. The purpose of the article is to classify various situations and identify the causes and prerequisites for this phenomenon. The process of splitting consciousness is accompanied by certain changes in the individual’s speech. This concerns the choice of words and grammatical forms (especially forms of the person’s category). The collected material (texts of novellas, short stories, poems, and screenplays) gives grounds for some conclusions. The main prerequisites for dissociative identity disorder are the versatility of the personality, the ability to look at it “from the inside” and “from the outside,” as well as the individual’s tendency to constantly evaluate his thoughts and actions. Past violence, severe stress, internal discomfort, etc. can act as a cause (“triggering mechanism”) of the phenomenon under study. The author shows cases of endoscopic and exoscopic disintegration of identity using literary facts. In the latter case, there is a connection with the Freudian concept of the “Ideal I”, which includes an observer. The topic of doubles, which is immensely popular in art, and the relationship between the author of a literary work and his pseudonym are also touched upon.

How Many More Are There?

Patients accurately diagnosis with multiple personality disorder (MPD)/dissociative identity disorder (DID) presenting with a complaint of chronic pain are rare. However, it is likely that one may have encountered such a patient and not been aware of it. When one is able to interact with the individual “personalities,” it presents a fantastic learning opportunity. There may be enormous differences in their experience of pain and the way they cope. Indeed, one or more of the “alters” may claim they do not, in fact, feel pain. MPD/DID is often triggered by some type abuse early in life. Studies have identified difference between the personalities in areas such as physical symptoms, brain wave activity, visual-evoked potential, visual function, galvanic skin response, dominant handedness, response to the same medication, allergic sensitivities, autonomic and endocrine function, and electroencephalogram. MPD/DID is very refractory to treatment. Patient should be managed is a very compassionate fashion.

The Multiplicity of I

If in heteronymic simulation I am a subject other than the subject I am, there are evidently as many other I’s as there are possible acts of simulation. Pessoa, inhabiting countless lives, says that by creating in imagination a multiplicity of virtual subjects, each of which is him, he has ‘ubiquitized’ himself. So he affirms a thesis I will call ‘Subject Plurality’: I am many subjects other than the subject I am. We need, though, to distinguish two versions of this thesis, for it can be read as making either a diachronic claim or a synchronic one. Interpreters of Pessoa have been drawn to present the Pessoan self as a sort of parliament or confederation of souls. Despite Pessoa’s appeal, once, to the metaphor of a colony—and there only in connection with the phenomenal unity of consciousness rather than with reference to the multiplicity of heteronyms—the ‘confederation’ theory is not Pessoa’s. It is a Proustian, not a Pessoan, picture of multiplicity. An appreciation of this distinction is crucial to seeing why Pessoa’s multiplicity of I is not reducible to another mental illness, multiple personality disorder. The distinction between successive and simultaneous subject plurality has found a surprising application: understanding Afrofuturism’s experimentation with multiple sonic selves.