scholarly journals Risky decision making and cognitive flexibility among online sports bettors in Nigeria.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tochukwu Nweze ◽  
Agu Ethelbert ◽  
Florian Lange
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Sports Betting ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Psychosocial Consequences ◽  
Online Sports Betting ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Set Shifting Task

Online sports betting is a popular recreational activity in Nigeria. Like other forms of gambling, risk of pathological progression exists for gamblers who continue betting despite severe financial and psychosocial consequences. In the present study, we examined whether this population of gamblers shows deficits in decision making and cognitive flexibility that have been documented in Western gambling populations. Thirty-six online sports bettors and 42 non-gambling participants completed a version of the Iowa gambling task (IGT) and an established set-shifting task for the assessment of cognitive flexibility. The two groups did not differ significantly in the selection of disadvantageous decks on the IGT. In contrast, sports bettors committed significantly more errors on the set-shifting task than non-gambling control participants. As this performance deficit was not specific to trials requiring a set shift, it most likely resulted from gambling-related changes in general cognitive or motivational abilities that are required to successfully complete challenging mental tasks. While our results illustrate that findings from Western populations cannot automatically be generalized to other contexts, it should be noted that we focused on only one particular type of gambling and included mostly participants with mild gambling-related problems.

Contribution of executive functions to eating behaviours in obesity and eating disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 725-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Segura-Serralta ◽  
Sonia Ciscar ◽  
Lorena Blasco ◽  
Javier Oltra-Cucarella ◽  
María Roncero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Central Coherence ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Eating Behaviours

AbstractBackground:Patients with eating disorders (ED) or obesity show difficulties in tasks assessing decision-making, set-shifting abilities and central coherence.Aims:The aim of this study was to explore executive functions in eating and weight-related problems, ranging from restricting types of ED to obesity.Method:Two hundred and eighty-eight female participants (75 with obesity; 149 with ED: 76 with restrictive eating, 73 with bingeing-purging symptoms; and 64 healthy controls) were administered the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Iowa Gambling Task, and the Group Embedded Figures Test to assess set-shifting, decision-making and central coherence, respectively.Results:Participants with either obesity or ED performed poorly on tests measuring executive functioning compared with healthy controls, even after controlling for age and intelligence. Both participants with obesity and participants with ED showed a preference for global information processing.Conclusions:The findings suggest that treatments for obesity and ED would benefit from addressing difficulties in cognitive functioning, in addition to the more evident clinical symptoms related to eating, body weight and shape.

scholarly journals Win-concurrent sensory cues can promote riskier choice

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariya V. Cherkasova ◽  
Luke Clark ◽  
Jason J.S. Barton ◽  
Michael Schulzer ◽  
Mahsa Shafiee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Risky Choice ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Gambling Task ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Animal Data ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Probability Information

ABSTRACTReward-related stimuli can potently influence behaviour; for example, exposure to drug-paired cues can trigger drug use and relapse in people with addictions. Psychological mechanisms that generate such outcomes likely include cue-induced cravings and attentional biases. Recent animal data suggest another candidate mechanism: reward-paired cues can enhance risky decision making, yet whether this translates to humans is unknown. Here, we examined whether sensory reward-paired cues alter decision making under uncertainty and risk, as measured respectively by the Iowa Gambling Task and a two-choice lottery task. In the cued version of both tasks, gain feedback was augmented with reward-concurrent audiovisual stimuli. Healthy human volunteers (53 males, 78 females) performed each task once, one with and the other without cues (cued IGT/uncued VGT: n = 63; uncued IGT/cued VGT: n = 68), with concurrent eye-tracking. Reward-paired cues did not affect choice on the Iowa Gambling Task. On the two-choice lottery task, the cued group displayed riskier choice and reduced sensitivity to probability information. The cued condition was associated with reduced eye fixations on probability information shown on the screen and greater pupil dilation related to decision and reward anticipation. This pupil effect was unrelated to the risk-promoting effects of cues: the degree of pupil dilation for risky versus risk-averse choices did not differ as a function of cues. Taken together, our data show that sensory reward cues can promote riskier decisions and have additional and distinct effects on arousal.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT:Animal data suggest that reward-paired cues can promote maladaptive reward-seeking by biasing cost-benefit decision making. Whether this finding translates to humans is unknown. We examined the effects of salient reward-paired audio-visual cues on decision making under risk and uncertainty in human volunteers. Cues had risk-promoting effects on a risky choice task and independently increased task-related arousal as measured by pupil dilation. By demonstrating risk-promoting effects of cues in human participants, our data identify a mechanism whereby cue reactivity could translate into maladaptive behavioural outcomes in people with addictions.

scholarly journals Valuation of peers’ safe choices is associated with substance-naïveté in adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (50) ◽  
pp. 31729-31737
Author(s):  
Dongil Chung ◽  
Mark A. Orloff ◽  
Nina Lauharatanahirun ◽  
Pearl H. Chiu ◽  
Brooks King-Casas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Substance Exposure ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Substance Exposed

Social influences on decision-making are particularly pronounced during adolescence and have both protective and detrimental effects. To evaluate how responsiveness to social signals may be linked to substance use in adolescents, we used functional neuroimaging and a gambling task in which adolescents who have and have not used substances (substance-exposed and substance-naïve, respectively) made choices alone and after observing peers’ decisions. Using quantitative model-based analyses, we identify behavioral and neural evidence that observing others’ safe choices increases the subjective value and selection of safe options for substance-naïve relative to substance-exposed adolescents. Moreover, the effects of observing others’ risky choices do not vary by substance exposure. These results provide neurobehavioral evidence for a role of positive peers (here, those who make safer choices) in guiding adolescent real-world risky decision-making.

Executive dysfunctions in Anorexia Nervosa patients, obsessive-compulsive patients and their unaffected relatives: searching for a new intermediate phenotype

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 151-151
Author(s):  
E. Galimberti ◽  
V. Sani ◽  
V. Scavelli ◽  
E. Fadda ◽  
F. Fanini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Intermediate Phenotype ◽  
Neuropsychological Battery ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Neuropsychological Profile ◽  
Planning Ability

IntroductionSome authors suggested that Anorexia Nervosa (AN) could be part of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum. Evidences suggested that Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) could be characterized by an impaired neuropsychological profile, referring particularly to cognitive flexibility, decision making and planning. It's possible that these deficits could represent possible endophenotypes that characterizes OCD spectrum.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was compared, cognitive flexibility, decision making and planning in 38 patients with OCD, in 21 patients with AN and in their first degree unaffected relatives (OCD relatives: 46; AN relatives: 21). Results have been also compared to a sample of 41 healthy controls (HC) and their unaffected first degree relatives (43).MethodAll participants have been assessed by a neuropsychological battery composed by the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), the Wisconsin Sorting Card Test (WISC) and the Hanoi Tower (TH).ResultsResults showed an impaired cognitive flexibility only in OCD patients and their relatives. Patients with AN and their relatives didn’t seem to be characterized by a deficit in this area. Results obtained from the TH scores showed an impaired planning ability both in OCD and AN patients. The same deficit has been also observed in OCD relatives. Impaired decision making seemed to characterize both AN and OCD patients, compared HC. Moreover, OCD and AN relatives showed a deficit performance, suggesting an impairment in this function.ConclusionResults regarding planning and decision making seem to be in line with the hypothesis that this two domains could represent possible endophenotypes of obsessive compulsive spectrum.

Aging and risky decision-making: New ERP evidence from the Iowa Gambling Task

2017 ◽  
Vol 640 ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Di Rosa ◽  
Daniela Mapelli ◽  
Giorgio Arcara ◽  
Piero Amodio ◽  
Stefano Tamburin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Gambling Task ◽  
Risky Decision Making ◽  
Risky Decision

scholarly journals Comparing Neurocognitive Profile of Patients with Borderline Personality and Bipolar–II Disorders

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valiolah Akbari ◽  
Parvin Rahmatinejad ◽  
Seyed Davood Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Bipolar Spectrum ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Bipolar Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Bipolar Ii ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Neurocognitive Profile

Objective: The present study was conducted to compare neurocognitive profile in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and bipolar II disorder (BD-II) and to find whether BPD can be classified as one of bipolar spectrum disorders. Method: A total of 35 patients with BPD and 35 euthymic patients with BDII disorder were selected by convenience sampling method. These 2 groups were compared with 30 healthy individuals using neurocognitive battery tests that assessed cognitive flexibility and set-shifting, response inhibition, problem-solving, decision-making, and sustained and selective attention. Data were analyzed using independent t test, X2 and ANOVA. Results: Patients with euthymic BDII and BPD had poorer performance than the healthy group in most neurocognitive domains (p<0.05). Both patient groups showed similar functions in cognitive flexibility and set-shifting, decision-making, sustained and selective attention, and problem-solving (p<0.05). BPD patients had more elevated response inhibition deficits than BD-II patients (P<0.05). Also, BPD patients had poorer performance in planning compared to BD-II patients (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results provided empirical support for previous findings which have reported that patients with BPD and BD-II show neurocognitive dysfunctions. Despite the similarity between these 2 clinical groups in terms of neurocognitive profile in this study, more extensive studies are needed to confirm the hypothesis that BPD can be conceptualized as one of bipolar spectrum disorders.

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