Accuracy and Precision of Fixed and Random Effects in Meta-Analyses of Randomized Control Trials for Continuous Outcomes
Meta-analyses of treatment effects in randomized control trials are often faced with the problem of missing information required to calculate effect sizes and their sampling variances. Particularly, correlations between pre- and posttest scores are frequently not available. As an ad-hoc solution, researchers impute a constant value for the missing correlation. As an alternative, we propose adopting a multivariate meta-regression approach that models independent group effect sizes and accounts for the dependency structure using robust variance estimation or three-level modeling. A comprehensive simulation study mimicking realistic conditions of meta-analyses in clinical and educational psychology suggested that the prevalent imputation approach works well for estimating the pooled effect but severely distorts the between-study heterogeneity. In contrast, the robust meta-regression approach resulted in largely unbiased fixed and random effects. Based on these results recommendations for meta-analytic practice and future meta-analytic developments are provided.