scholarly journals Racial residential segregation and economic disparity jointly exacerbate the COVID-19 fatality in large American cities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinggang Yu ◽  
Cristina Salvador ◽  
Irene Melani ◽  
Martha Berg ◽  
Enrique Neblett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Structural Inequality ◽  
Racial Residential Segregation ◽  
Economic Disparity ◽  
The U.S

The disproportionately high rates of both infections and deaths of underprivileged racial minorities in the U.S. (including Blacks and Hispanics) during the current COVID-19 pandemic show that structural inequality can be lethal. However, the nature of this structural inequality is poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that two structural features of urban areas in the U.S. (racial residential segregation and income inequality) contribute to numerous health-compromising conditions, which, in turn, exacerbate COVID-19 fatalities. These two features may be particularly lethal when combined. To test this hypothesis, we examined the growth rate of both confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths in an early 30-day period of the outbreak in the counties located in each of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in the U.S. The growth curve for cases and deaths was steeper in counties located in metropolitan areas that residentially segregate Blacks and Hispanics. Moreover, this effect of racial residential segregation was augmented by income inequality within each county. The current evidence highlights the role of racial and economic disparity in producing the devastating human toll in the current pandemic. It also offers important policy implications for making virus-resilient cities.

scholarly journals Did Residential Racial Segregation in the U.S. Really Increase? An Analysis Accounting for Changes in Racial Diversity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Elbers
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Racial Segregation ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
Major Question ◽  
Racial Residential Segregation ◽  
Information Index ◽  
Decomposition Procedure ◽  
Sociological Literature ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
The U.S

A recent study by UC Berkeley's Othering & Belonging Institute (Menendian, Gailes, and Gambhir 2021) came to an astonishing conclusion: Of large metropolitan areas in the U.S., 81% have become more segregated over the period 1990-2019. This finding contradicts the recent sociological literature on changes in segregation in the U.S., which has generally found that racial residential segregation has slowly declined since the 1970s, especially between Blacks and Whites. The major question then is: What accounts for this difference? This paper answers this question in two parts. First, it shows that the preferred segregation measure of the Berkeley study, the “Divergence Index” (Roberto 2015), is identical to the Mutual Information Index M (Theil and Finizza 1971; Mora and Ruiz-Castillo 2009; Mora and Ruiz-Castillo 2011), a measure that is mechanically affected by changes in racial diversity. Given that the U.S. has become more diverse over the period 1990 to 2019, it is not surprising that this index shows increases in segregation. Second, by making use of a decomposition procedure developed in Elbers (2021), the paper shows that once the changes in segregation are decomposed into components that account for the changing racial diversity of the U.S., the findings are in line with the sociological literature. Residential racial segregation as a whole has declined modestly in most metropolitan areas of the U.S., although segregation has increased slightly when focusing on Asian Americans and Hispanics.

scholarly journals Neighborhood Opportunities, Race, and Class: The Black Middle Class and Residential Segregation

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Adelman
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Racial Residential Segregation ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
Female Headed Households ◽  
Middle Class Blacks

Racial residential segregation has received considerable attention from social scientists who, in general, have found that African Americans, particularly those in large, northeastern and midwestern metropolitan areas have been highly segregated from whites since at least the beginning of the Great Migration. This analysis combines research on racial residential segregation with research about residential segregation based on social class in order to study the segregation of middle‐class blacks from middle‐class whites. By using Census data that incorporate consistent geographic definitions of Census tracts in 50 U.S. metropolitan areas from 1970 to 1990, I assess change in the levels of residential segregation between middle‐class blacks and middle‐class whites. The index of dissimilarity indicates that while there was a decrease in the segregation of middle‐class blacks from middle‐class whites between 1970 and 1990, in many metropolitan areas this segregation remained high through 1990. The analysis also shows that middle‐class blacks lived in neighborhoods, on average, with considerably more poverty, more boarded‐up homes, more female‐headed households, and fewer college graduates than neighborhoods inhabited by middle‐class whites. Overall, the results suggest that, for the most part, these groups remain residentially separated in U.S. metropolitan areas.

scholarly journals Relationship of Racial Residential Segregation to Newly Diagnosed Cases of HIV among Black Heterosexuals in US Metropolitan Areas, 2008–2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 856-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umedjon Ibragimov ◽  
Stephanie Beane ◽  
Adaora A. Adimora ◽  
Samuel R. Friedman ◽  
Leslie Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Racial Residential Segregation ◽  
Relationship Of

scholarly journals Racial residential segregation and economic disparity jointly exacerbate COVID‐19 fatality in large American cities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinggang Yu ◽  
Cristina E. Salvador ◽  
Irene Melani ◽  
Martha K. Berg ◽  
Enrique W. Neblett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Racial Residential Segregation ◽  
Economic Disparity ◽  
American Cities

New Patterns of Urbanization in Indonesia: Emergence of Non-statutory Towns and New Extended Urban Regions

2021 ◽  
pp. 097542532199038
Author(s):  
Fadjar Hari Mardiansjah ◽  
Paramita Rahayu ◽  
Deden Rukmana
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Urbanization Process ◽  
Urban Regions ◽  
Using Data

Indonesia is home to more than 260 million people and is one of the world’s most rapidly urbanizing countries. Between 1980 and 2010, Indonesia’s urban population grew about fourfold, from 32.8 to 118.3 million. Using data from National Census publications, this article examines the urbanization patterns and trends in urban growth in Indonesia from 1980 to 2010. The urbanization process has increased the number of cities in Indonesia from 50 to 94 and expanded large urban regions. Most of these expanded urban regions are located on the island of Java, including the metropolitan areas of Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, Semarang, Malang, Surakarta and Yogyakarta. The article also identifies the emergence of non-statutory towns and new extended urban regions outside the jurisdictions of urban municipalities. The policy implications of the emergence of such urban areas are additionally discussed.

Change in Elderly Residential Segregation in Canadian Metropolitan Areas, 1981–91

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Population Distributions ◽  
Age Segregation ◽  
Elderly Living

ABSTRACTUsing census data, this study investigates change in the residential segregation of persons age 65 years and over from younger persons in Canadian census metropolitan areas (CMAs) between 1981 and 1991. In each CMA, age-segregation is first evaluated in terms of inner city-suburban population distributions, and then according to the degree of segregation across census tracts expressed by the Index of Dissimilarity. Although the CMAs typically had moderate segregation levels in both 1981 and 1991, there were consistent trends toward (i) increasing proportions of the elderly living in suburban areas, and (ii) declining degrees of age-segregation across census tracts. It is proposed that these trends are partly attributable to the aging in place of suburban residents. Correlation and regression analyses indicate that in 1991 lower degrees of segregation were associated with CMAs which had relatively high percentages of both older dwellings and elderly population. The policy implications of the results are discussed.

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