scholarly journals Are the World's Languages Consolidating? The Dynamics and Distribution of Language Populations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Clingingsmith
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Political Integration ◽  
Steady State Distribution ◽  
State Distribution ◽  
Local Language ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Empirical Size

Scholars have conjectured that the return to speaking a language increases with the number of speakers. Long-run economic and political integration would accentuate this advantage, increasing the population share of the largest languages. I show that, to the contrary, language size and growth are uncorrelated except for very small languages (<35,000 speakers). I develop a model of local language coordination over a network. The steady-state distribution of language sizes follows a power law and precisely fits the empirical size distribution of languages with ≥35,000 speakers. Simulations suggest the extinction of 40% of languages with <35,000 speakers within 100 years.

A cluster approach to the structure of imperfect materials and their relaxation spectroscopy

1983 ◽  
Vol 390 (1798) ◽  
pp. 131-180 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Configurational Entropy ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy ◽  
Relaxation Dynamics ◽  
Steady State Distribution ◽  
State Distribution

A new theory is proposed for the explanation of observed relaxation phenomena, which differs significantly from theories suggested by the authors before. The theory is based on a model of structural organization of macroscopically sized samples of imperfectly structured materials, both solids and liquids, and is intermediate in character. In terms of the model, a microscopic structure is maintained over a cluster containing a number of microscopic units, with an array of clusters described by a steady-state distribution completing the macroscopic picture. The structural regularity of each level of morphological organization is precisely defined by a coarse-grained index, which is given a thermodynamic interpretation in terms of binding energies and configurational entropy. The limiting cases of an ideal liquid and a perfect crystal are recovered as asymptotic extremes in terms of this definition. The consequences of this model for the relaxation dynamics of the structure are examined and it is shown that prepared fluctuations decay in a time-power law manner as coupled zero-point motions evolve either within clusters or between clusters, with a power determined by the relevant regularity index. As a result, the origin of power law noise in materials is explained in terms of configurational entropy, and its relation with gaussian and white noise, which appear as asymptotic limits, outlined. The shape of the steady-state distribution of the array of clusters is also determined without any a priori assumptions, and it is shown to range from an unbounded form to a δ function as the regularity of the array superstructure increases. Experimental examples of dielectric relaxation spectroscopy have been used to illustrate these structural concepts and outline the way in which this technique can be used to deduce the structural organization of the sample. Finally, a short description is given of some commonly observed forms of response and their structural interpretation.

A NEW LOOK AT ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION MODELS AND DOUBLE MATCHING QUEUES

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onno J. Boxma ◽  
Israel David ◽  
David Perry ◽  
Wolfgang Stadje
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Waiting Time ◽  
Queueing Theory ◽  
Waiting Lists ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Steady State Distribution ◽  
State Distribution ◽  
Long Run

In this paper we propose a prototype model for the problem of managing waiting lists for organ transplantations. Our model captures the double-queue nature of the problem: there is a queue of patients, but also a queue of organs. Both may suffer from “impatience”: the health of a patient may deteriorate, and organs cannot be preserved longer than a certain amount of time. Using advanced tools from queueing theory, we derive explicit results for key performance criteria: the rate of unsatisfied demands and of organ outdatings, the steady-state distribution of the number of organs on the shelf, the waiting time of a patient, and the long-run fraction of time during which the shelf is empty of organs.

scholarly journals Markovian Approach to Stock Price Modelling in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 23-43
Author(s):  
Adekunle S. Ayo ◽  
Eboigbe S. Uwabor
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Share Price ◽  
High Price ◽  
Steady State Distribution ◽  
State Distribution ◽  
Share Prices ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Oil And Gas Firms

The study investigates the stock price movement of quoted Nigerian oil and gas firms using the Markovian model. Specifically, the study estimates the change in likelihoods and steady-state distribution of the share prices of the firms to determine the average time spent by the share price to move to another state and the turnover rate of the selected stocks. Markov chain-based stochastic modelling approach was employed by using the daily closing share prices of all the seven oil and gas firms quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange from April 2017 to January 2020. The study finds that the transition probabilities and the steady-state distribution of all the firms are stationary at first-order, implying that chain depends on the previous state. The steady-state probabilities of all the firms examined exhibit relatively high price stability in the long run. The study recommends that investors with diverse attitudes to risk-taking can explore the estimated long-run prospect of the investigated stocks in making guided investment decisions.

Kinetic analysis of mechanism of intestinal Na+-dependent sugar transport

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (5) ◽  
pp. C498-C509 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Restrepo ◽  
G. A. Kimmich
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Sugar Transport ◽  
Enzyme Kinetic ◽  
Steady State Distribution ◽  
State Distribution ◽  
Least Squares Fit ◽  
Coupling Stoichiometry ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Kinetics Of

Zero-trans kinetics of Na+-sugar cotransport were investigated. Sugar influx was measured at various sodium and sugar concentrations in K+-loaded cells treated with rotenone and valinomycin. Sugar influx follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics as a function of sugar concentration but not as a function of Na+ concentration. Nine models with 1:1 or 2:1 sodium:sugar stoichiometry were considered. The flux equations for these models were solved assuming steady-state distribution of carrier forms and that translocation across the membrane is rate limiting. Classical enzyme kinetic methods and a least-squares fit of flux equations to the experimental data were used to assess the fit of the different models. Four models can be discarded on this basis. Of the remaining models, we discard two on the basis of the trans sodium dependence and the coupling stoichiometry [G. A. Kimmich and J. Randles, Am. J. Physiol. 247 (Cell Physiol. 16): C74-C82, 1984]. The remaining models are terter ordered mechanisms with sodium debinding first at the trans side. If transfer across the membrane is rate limiting, the binding order can be determined to be sodium:sugar:sodium.

scholarly journals The Evolution of Networks and Local Public Good Provision: A Potential Approach

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Markus Kinateder ◽  
Luca Paolo Merlino
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Nash Equilibria ◽  
Potential Game ◽  
Public Good Provision ◽  
Local Public Good ◽  
Steady State Distribution ◽  
State Distribution ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Split Graphs ◽  
Good Provision

In this paper, we propose a game in which each player decides with whom to establish a costly connection and how much local public good is provided when benefits are shared among neighbors. We show that, when agents are homogeneous, Nash equilibrium networks are nested split graphs. Additionally, we show that the game is a potential game, even when we introduce heterogeneity along several dimensions. Using this result, we introduce stochastic best reply dynamics and show that this admits a unique and stationary steady state distribution expressed in terms of the potential function of the game. Hence, even if the set of Nash equilibria is potentially very large, the long run predictions are sharp.

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