scholarly journals Religion and Gender Equality Worldwide: A Country-Level Analysis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Landon Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Instrumental Variable Analysis ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Religion And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Equity Index

Does religion help or hinder gender equality worldwide? Are some major world religions more conducive to equality than others? This study answers these questions using country-level data assembled from multiple sources. Much of the research on religion and gender has focused on the relationship between individual religious belief and practice and gender attitudes. This study, alternatively, compares the macro effects of the proportion of religious adherents in a country on two indicators of material gender equality: the United Nations Gender Inequality Index and the Social Watch Gender Equity Index. Comparing the world’s four largest religious groups reveals that the largest distinction is not between any ofthe three largest faiths—Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism—but between the religious and the non-religious. The more non-religious people in a country, the more gender equal that country tends to be. This finding holds when accounting for human development and other country-level factors, as well as in instrumental variable analysis.

scholarly journals Gender stereotypes can explain the gender-equality paradox

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (49) ◽  
pp. 31063-31069
Author(s):  
Thomas Breda ◽  
Elyès Jouini ◽  
Clotilde Napp ◽  
Georgia Thebault
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Economic Constraints

The so-called “gender-equality paradox” is the fact that gender segregation across occupations is more pronounced in more egalitarian and more developed countries. Some scholars have explained this paradox by the existence of deeply rooted or intrinsic gender differences in preferences that materialize more easily in countries where economic constraints are more limited. In line with a strand of research in sociology, we show instead that it can be explained by cross-country differences in essentialist gender norms regarding math aptitudes and appropriate occupational choices. To this aim, we propose a measure of the prevalence and extent of internalization of the stereotype that “math is not for girls” at the country level. This is done using individual-level data on the math attitudes of 300,000 15-y-old female and male students in 64 countries. The stereotype associating math to men is stronger in more egalitarian and developed countries. It is also strongly associated with various measures of female underrepresentation in math-intensive fields and can therefore entirely explain the gender-equality paradox. We suggest that economic development and gender equality in rights go hand-in-hand with a reshaping rather than a suppression of gender norms, with the emergence of new and more horizontal forms of social differentiation across genders.

Gender equality and work–family conflict from a cross-national perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 385-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayle Kaufman ◽  
Hiromi Taniguchi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Work Family Conflict ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Gender Egalitarianism ◽  
Country Level ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Work Family ◽  
The Individual

This study examines the relationship between gender ideology at the individual level, gender equality at the country level, and women and men’s experiences of work interference with family (WIF) and family interference with work (FIW). We use data from the 2012 International Social Survey Programme as well as the 2011 to 2015 Human Development Reports. Our sample consists of 24,547 respondents from 37 countries. Based on multilevel mixed-effects logistic models, we find that women are more likely than men to experience WIF and FIW. At the individual level, traditional gender ideology positively predicts WIF and FIW. Women and men who reside in more gender-unequal countries have a higher likelihood of FIW while men in these contexts also are more likely to experience WIF. Societal gender inequality is more consequential for those who hold less traditional gender ideology. In conclusion, gender egalitarianism at the individual level and gender equality at the country level are both associated with less WIF and FIW. Policies that seek to address work–family balance should incorporate measures to promote gender equality.

Reflections from the South Pacific – Navigating Intersectionality and Customary Contexts to Progress Gender Equality and Gender Equity

2019 ◽  
pp. 151-162
Author(s):  
Lila Singh-Peterson ◽  
Michelle Carnegie ◽  
R. Michael (‘Mike’) Bourke ◽  
Veronica Bue ◽  
Joanne Lee Kunatuba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
The South ◽  
And Gender

Global Megatrends and the Macroeconomics of Gender

2019 ◽  
pp. 417-435
Author(s):  
Kalpana Kochhar ◽  
Sonali Jain-Chandra ◽  
Monique Newiak
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Economic Diversification ◽  
Vulnerability To Climate Change ◽  
Demographic Shifts ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines global megatrends such as demographic shifts, technological progress, globalization, and climate change and emphasizes the important role of gender equality in mitigating their adverse consequences. The chapter first discusses demographic change, globalization, technological progress, and climate change before explaining how the main challenges posed by these megatrends could be offset by increasing gender equality, providing more equal access to economic opportunities for women, and boosting female economic participation. In particular, it considers ways of mitigating the impact of population ageing, harnessing urbanization for growth and gender equity, catalysing change to reduce income inequality, accelerating economic diversification, and mitigating vulnerability to climate change. The chapter concludes with an evaluation of policy options for mitigating the risks posed by megatrends through gender equality, such as unleashing fiscal policy, easing the burden of non-market work, and removing legal discrimination against women.

The Postmodern Individual: Structural Determinants of Attitudes

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 339-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Wernet ◽  
Cheryl Elman ◽  
Brian Pendleton
Keyword(s):  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Structural Determinants ◽  
Country Level ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment ◽  
And Gender

AbstractThis study uses the World Values Survey and country level data to explore how social structure, especially cross-national differences in female education, reproductive freedom, and participation in state policy formation, is related to attitudes of postmaterialism and gender ideology. Thefindings show that pro-woman state structure and policies are associated with higher educational attainment for citizens, higher work attainment and income levels, and greater satisfaction. Moreover, women and men who live in states with pro-woman policies are more postmodern in their attitudes; these individuals more readily support gender equality and prefer a culturally rich, high quality of life over economic gain. Women also have more postmodern attitudes than men. This research identifies the structural components and the social processes associated with the holding of individual attitudes, as suggested by House.

scholarly journals Addressing the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals in Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-61
Author(s):  
Jocelyn Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Additional Source ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Responsible Leader

This paper takes a critical look at the United Nations’ sustainable development goals in regard to Germany. This paper will further examine three of the seventeen goals laid out for 2030 focusing on determining what efforts and proposed solutions towards ending poverty, eradicating hunger and achieving gender equality are undertaken. The issues of poverty, hunger and gender equity are an additional source of tension for Germany as they seek to address these concerns domestically while acting as a responsible leader internationally.

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