scholarly journals Trust and trustworthiness after negative random shocks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernan Bejarano ◽  
Joris Gillet ◽  
Ismael Rodríguez Lara
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Random Shock ◽  
Die Roll ◽  
Random Shocks ◽  
First Mover

We investigate experimentally the effect of a negative endowment shock in a trust game to assess whether different causes of inequality have different effects on trust and trustworthiness. In our trust game there may be inequality in favor of the second mover and this may (or may not) be the result of a negative random shock (i.e., the outcome of a die roll) that decreases the endowment of the first-mover. Our findings suggest that inequality leads to differences in behavior. First-movers send more of their endowment and second-movers return more when there is inequality. However, we do not find support for the hypothesis that the cause of the inequality matters. Behavior after the occurrence of a random shock is not significantly different from the behavior when the inequality exists from the outset. Our results highlight that we have to be cautious when interpreting the effects on trust and trustworthiness of negative random shocks that occur in the field (e.g., natural disasters). Our results suggest that these effects are largely driven by the inequality caused by the shock and not by any of the additional characteristics of the shock like saliency or uncertainty.

scholarly journals When the rich do (not) trust the (newly) rich: Experimental evidence on the effects of positive random shocks in the trust game

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernan Bejarano ◽  
Joris Gillet ◽  
Ismael Rodríguez Lara
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Inequality Aversion ◽  
Study Behavior ◽  
Random Shock ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Positive Shock ◽  
Random Shocks ◽  
First Mover

We study behavior in a trust game where first-movers initially have a higher endowment than second-movers but the occurrence of a positive random shock can eliminate this inequality by increasing the endowment of the second-mover before the decision of the first-mover. We find that second-movers return less (i.e., they are less trustworthy) when they have a lower endowment than first-movers, compared with the case in which first and second-movers have the same endowment. Second-movers who received the positive shock return more than those who did not; in fact, second-movers who received the positive shock return more than second-movers who had the same endowment as the first-mover from the outset. First-movers do not seem to anticipate this behavior from second-movers. They send less to second-movers who benefited from a shock. These findings suggest that in addition to the distribution of the endowments the source of this distribution plays an important role in determining the levels of trust and trustworthiness. This, in turn, implies that current models of inequality aversion should be extended to accommodate for reference points if random positive shocks are possible in the trust game.

scholarly journals Reliability modeling for competing failure systems with instant-shift hard failure threshold

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingyi Liu ◽  
Yugang Zhang ◽  
Bifeng Song
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
System Reliability ◽  
Reliability Model ◽  
External Shocks ◽  
Reliability Modeling ◽  
Soft Failure ◽  
Random Shock ◽  
Hard Failure ◽  
Engineering Practices ◽  
Random Shocks

Many researchers have modeled systems under multiple dependent competing failure processes (MDCFP) in recent years. Typically, those failure processes consist of degradation (soft failure) and random shock (hard failure). In previous papers the threshold of hard failure has been a fixed value, which does not reflect engineering practices. Threshold refers to the ability to resist external random shocks, which shifts with time as the system is used. Thus, this paper establishes a model for MDCFP with instant-shift hard threshold. The hard failure threshold changes with time instantaneously, and it is also influenced by external shocks. This paper also presents a system reliability model. The effectiveness of the presented model is demonstrated by a reliability analysis of the micro-engine at Sandia National Laboratories. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is performed for specific parameters.

scholarly journals Reliability assessment for systems suffering competing degradation and random shocks under fuzzy environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 003685041988108
Author(s):  
Hongping Yu ◽  
Mao Tang
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Epistemic Uncertainty ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Reliability Assessment ◽  
Cumulative Damage ◽  
Fuzzy Environment ◽  
Random Shock ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
Random Shocks ◽  
Internal Degradation

Reliability assessment of multi-component systems under competing degradation and random shocks has been intensively investigated in recent years. In most cases, the parameters associated with competing degradation and random shocks are represented by crisp values. However, due to insufficient data and vague judgments from experts, it may produce epistemic uncertainty with those parameters and they are befitting to be described as fuzzy numbers. In this article, the internal degradation is treated as a continuous monotonically increasing random process with respect to operating time, whereas the amount of cumulative damage produced by each external random shock is modeled by a geometric process. As components in a system suffer the same environmental condition, an external random shock will produce different amounts of cumulative damage to each component simultaneously. Each component fails when either the internal degradation or cumulative damage from the random shocks, whichever comes first, exceeds its corresponding random thresholds. Moreover, the parameters associated with the internal degradation and the random shocks are represented by triangular fuzzy numbers. The fuzzy reliability functions of components and the entire system are evaluated by a set of optimization models. A multi-component system, together with some comparative results, is presented to illustrate the implementation of the proposed method.

scholarly journals Optimal Age-Based Preventive Maintenance Policy for a System Subject to Cumulative Damage Degradation and Random Shocks

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
W. A. Akpan ◽  
A. A. Okon ◽  
E. J. Awaka-Ama
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Maintenance ◽  
Cumulative Damage ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Shock Duration ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Maintenance Policy ◽  
Accelerated Life ◽  
Random Shock ◽  
Random Shocks

This research investigates the problem of cumulative degradation and random shocks a system like a centrifugal pump may experience during normal and adverse operating conditions. An accelerated life testing method was employed to determine the degradation of the pump under cumulative damage degradation and random shocks conditions. An age- Based policy was used to determine the optimum time interval that will minimize the total expected cost of the system. The random shock increases the number of failures and hence reduces the reliability of the system. The total expected preventive maintenance cost obtained varies from N1700.00 (One thousand seven hundred naira) to N16,000.00 (sixteen thousand naira), depending on the shock and shock duration. The methodology presented is useful and thus recommended for use to study cumulative damage degradation and random shocks for similar systems.

scholarly journals Negative Economic Shocks and the Compliance to Social Norms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Bogliacino ◽  
Rafael Alberto Charris ◽  
Camilo Ernesto Gómez ◽  
Felipe Montealegre
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Random Shock ◽  
Conditional Preference ◽  
Group Belief ◽  
Economic Shock ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Natural Settings ◽  
Pro Social Behavior

This paper is about why suffering a Negative Economic Shock, i.e. a large loss, may trigger a change in behavior. We conjecture that people trade off a concern for money with a conditional preference to follow social norms, and that suffering a shock makes the first motivation more salient, leading to more norm violation. We study this question experimentally: After administering losses on the earnings from a Real Effort Task, we elicit decisions in set of pro-social and anti-social settings. To derive our predictions, we elicit social norms separately from behavior. We find that a shock increases deviations from norms in antisocial settings — more subjects cheat, steal, and avoid retaliation, with changes that are economically large. This is in line with our prediction. The effect on trust and cooperation is instead more ambiguous. Finally, we conducted an additional experiment to study the difference between an intentional shock and a random shock in a trust game. We found that the two induce partially different effects and that victims of intentional losses are more sensible to the in-group belief. This may explain why part of the literature studying shocks in natural settings found an increase in pro-social behavior, contrary to our prediction.

Uncertain Pain and the Pain of Uncertainty

1971 ◽  
Vol 33 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1195-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Ball ◽  
Roger E. Vogler
Keyword(s):  
Electric Shock ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Random Shock ◽  
Random Shocks ◽  
Random Times

Previous studies on the management of pain have indicated that predictable pain from electric shock is overwhelmingly preferred to non-predictable pain. Also, if the onset or the termination of the pain is under Ss' control it is judged less aversive. The primary purpose of this study was to explore strategies for the management of pain in which an inevitable electric shock would be delivered either by S himself, so that he could be certain of when it was coming, or by a machine at random times during an interval of waiting. Consistent with previous findings, most Ss preferred shocking themselves to passively awaiting a pre-programmed random shock. An unexpected finding was that several Ss who initially selected single random shocks willingly accepted double shocks in order to avoid administering single shocks to themselves. The present study was the first to employ behavioral measures of the aversiveness of shocks with human Ss successfully.

When Mother Earth Rises Up

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Sacchi ◽  
Paolo Riva ◽  
Marco Brambilla
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Disaster Victims ◽  
Willingness To Help ◽  
Mother Earth

Anthropomorphization is the tendency to ascribe humanlike features and mental states, such as free will and consciousness, to nonhuman beings or inanimate agents. Two studies investigated the consequences of the anthropomorphization of nature on people’s willingness to help victims of natural disasters. Study 1 (N = 96) showed that the humanization of nature correlated negatively with willingness to help natural disaster victims. Study 2 (N = 52) tested for causality, showing that the anthropomorphization of nature reduced participants’ intentions to help the victims. Overall, our findings suggest that humanizing nature undermines the tendency to support victims of natural disasters.

Determinants of Cooperation in the Trust Game

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Keren ◽  
Chris Snijders
Keyword(s):  
Trust Game
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