scholarly journals Negative Economic Shocks and the Compliance to Social Norms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Bogliacino ◽  
Rafael Alberto Charris ◽  
Camilo Ernesto Gómez ◽  
Felipe Montealegre
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Random Shock ◽  
Conditional Preference ◽  
Group Belief ◽  
Economic Shock ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Natural Settings ◽  
Pro Social Behavior

This paper is about why suffering a Negative Economic Shock, i.e. a large loss, may trigger a change in behavior. We conjecture that people trade off a concern for money with a conditional preference to follow social norms, and that suffering a shock makes the first motivation more salient, leading to more norm violation. We study this question experimentally: After administering losses on the earnings from a Real Effort Task, we elicit decisions in set of pro-social and anti-social settings. To derive our predictions, we elicit social norms separately from behavior. We find that a shock increases deviations from norms in antisocial settings — more subjects cheat, steal, and avoid retaliation, with changes that are economically large. This is in line with our prediction. The effect on trust and cooperation is instead more ambiguous. Finally, we conducted an additional experiment to study the difference between an intentional shock and a random shock in a trust game. We found that the two induce partially different effects and that victims of intentional losses are more sensible to the in-group belief. This may explain why part of the literature studying shocks in natural settings found an increase in pro-social behavior, contrary to our prediction.

Parental leave length, social norms, and female labor market re-entry frictions

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vojtech Bartoš ◽  
Barbara Pertold-Gebicka
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Human Resource Managers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Job Applicant ◽  
Employment Gaps ◽  
The Difference

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the role of employers in creating employment gaps among women returning to the labor market after parental leaves of different durations. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a controlled correspondence field experiment that orthogonally manipulates parental leave length and the quality of fictitious female job candidates. The experiment is complemented with a survey among human resource managers. Findings High-quality candidates receive more interview invitations when applying after a short parental leave, while low-quality (LQ) candidates receive more interview invitations when applying after a typical three years long parental leave. Survey results suggest that the difference in invitations between short and typical leave treatments is driven by a social norm that mothers should stay home with children younger than three. Productivity gains from employing a LQ job applicant with a shorter career break might not be high enough to outweigh the adverse social norm effect. Social implications The presented results point toward the strong effect of prevailing social norms on job search prospects of women returning to the labor market after parental leave. Originality/value A correspondence experiment has not been used before to study the relationship between time spent on leave and the labor market prospects of mothers. It also extends research on social norms to the domain of hiring decisions.

How much would you like to pay? Trust, reciprocity and prosocial motivations in El trato

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J León ◽  
José A Noguera ◽  
Jordi Tena-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Sales Strategy ◽  
Pay What You Want ◽  
Natural Settings

Prosocial motivations and reciprocity are becoming increasingly important in social-science research. While laboratory experiments have challenged the assumption of universal selfishness, the external validity of these results has not been sufficiently tested in natural settings. In this article we examine the role of prosocial motivations and reciprocity in a Pay What You Want (PWYW) sales strategy, in which consumers voluntarily decide how much to pay for a product or service. This article empirically analyses the only PWYW example in Spain to date: the El trato (‘The deal’) campaign launched by the travel company Atrápalo, which offered different holiday packages under PWYW conditions in July 2009. Our analysis shows that, although the majority of the customers did not behave in a purely self-interested manner, they nonetheless did so in a much higher proportion than observed in similar studies. We present different hypotheses about the mechanisms that may explain these findings. Specifically, we highlight the role of two plausible explanations: the framing of the campaign and the attribution of ‘hidden’ preferences to Atrápalo by its customers, which undermined the interpretation of El trato as a trust game.

The Effect of COVID-19 as an Economic Shock on the Gender and Ethnic Gap in Labour Market Outcomes

2021 ◽  
pp. 232102222110464
Author(s):  
Stefani Milovanska-Farrington
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Economic Shock ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes ◽  
The Difference

With more than 29 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the USA and 119 million cases worldwide, the pandemic has affected companies, households and the global economy. We explore the effect of the economic shock which resulted from this specific health event on labour market outcomes, and the changes in labour market disparities between ethnic groups and genders. The results provide evidence of an adverse effect of COVID-19 on labour market outcomes of all demographic groups, a widening gap between the employment prospects of minorities and whites, but no change in the earnings gaps between ethnic groups. We also do not find a deterioration of the differentials between genders, except the increase in the difference in the duration of unemployment between women and men with children. The findings have implications related to the priorities of policy decision-makers when implementing policies to combat ethnic and gender gaps in the labour market. JEL Classification: J70, J71, J01, J15, J23

scholarly journals Does Cooperation in the Laboratory Reflect the Operation of A Broad Trait?

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H.B. McAuliffe ◽  
Daniel E. Forster ◽  
Eric J. Pedersen ◽  
Michael E. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
European Association ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Bifactor Model ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Valid Measure ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Economic Games ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Self Assessments

The Dictator Game, a face valid measure of altruism, and the Trust Game, a face valid measure of trust and trustworthiness, are among the most widely used behavioural measures in human cooperation research. Researchers have observed considerable covariation among these and other economic games, leading them to assert that there exists a general human propensity to cooperate that varies in strength across individuals and manifests itself across a variety of social settings. To formalize this hypothesis, we created an S–1 bifactor model using 276 participants’ Dictator Game and Trust Game decisions. The general factor had significant, moderate associations with self–reported and peer–reported altruism, trust, and trustworthiness. Thus, the positive covariation among economic games is not reducible to the games’ shared situational features. Two hundred participants returned for a second session. The general factor based on Dictator Game and Trust Game decisions from this session did not significantly predict self–reported and peer–reported cooperation, suggesting that experience with economic games causes them to measure different traits from those that are reflected in self–assessments and peer–assessments of cooperativeness. © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Between Sicilia and Lombardy: Relation between trust, civil norms and social participation among citizens of Serbia

Sociologija ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Stanojevic ◽  
Dragana Stokanic
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Support Networks ◽  
Informal Support ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Formal Organizations ◽  
Universal Values ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

The one of the key precondition of social and political participation of citizens is their interpersonal and institutional trust. In order to avoid the increase of individual atomization and/or excessively rise of informal support networks, institutional organizations are crucial. For that reason, it is necessary to exist certain level of trust in institutional arrangements. This paper will be focused on widely used concept of social capital for analysis of interaction between trust, social norms and participation. Concerning participation, in this paper the difference between ?generalized? trust in public institutions and ?specific?, personalized trust in people is explained. This situation of low trust in people and institutions which are interlinked and create general atmosphere of distrust is present in post-socialist societies, such as Serbia. Firstly, the aim of this paper is to show level of participation in different organizations and the trust of citizens of Serbia in political institutions, as well as trust in people in general. Additionally, the acceptance of civil norms will be presented. Secondly, it will be analyzed in what extant formal organizations contribute to the trust creation and the acceptance of social norms as forms of universal values which are necessary for basic social consensus and solidarity. Also, it will be presented the relation between trust in certain institutions and organizations and the acceptance of civil norms. In order to achieve these goals, it will be used quantitative analysis and databases World Values Survey, fifth wave conducted from 2005 to 2007.

scholarly journals Skolans statliga uppdrag

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 43-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Berg
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Liberal Education ◽  
Cultural Reproduction ◽  
School Activities ◽  
Societal Values ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Societal Needs ◽  
Swedish Society ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Degree

What tasks constitute the basis of the mission that the school as an institution is expected to fulfill in the Swedish society? In this article, I attempt to problematize that question. Few would oppose the notion that the school’s mission includes passing on knowledge as well as social norms. But what kind of knowledge should be put first in the day-to-day activities, and which social norms can and should be given priority? I argue that the school’s mission can be divided into two basic categories, here labeled competence development and cultural reproduction. The aim of the former is to educate the students with present and future societal needs in mind, focusing on growth ­– i.e. preparing the future labor force, taking macroeconomic and production factors into account. The task of cultural reproduction, on the other hand, is based on the notion of liberal education, where the aim is to reproduce societal values such as cultural heritage, democracy and citizenship. The difference between these two categories and their respective goals creates a number of tensions, resulting in a high degree of complexity in the daily school activities. Nevertheless, there are areas where the two categories at least partly intersect, meaning that the possibility of reaching a consensus does exist.

Laughing at Eros and Aphrodite: Sexual Inversion and its Resolution in the Classicising Arts of Medieval Byzantium

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Walker
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Gender Relations ◽  
Female Sexuality ◽  
Cultural Authority ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Romance Narratives

The social and cultural authority that images exercised in medieval Byzantium derived in part from their consistent observance of established traditions of representation. As a result of this tendency toward recognisable types, when an intentional departure from visual conventions was introduced, Byzantine viewers could be expected to notice the difference and wonder about the intentions behind it. This chapter explores how Graeco-Roman mythological and romance narratives offered opportunities for the engineering of amusing imagery through strategies of inversion and exaggeration. It focuses especially on how this up-ending of visual conventions served to disrupt the expected order of gender relations. The chapter shows how the programmes of middle Byzantine works of classicising art used humour initially to destabilize – but ultimately to reaffirm -- social norms surrounding female sexuality.

scholarly journals Voluntary or Forced: Different Effects of Personal and Social Norms on Urban Residents’ Environmental Protection Behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3525
Author(s):  
Guanglin Bai ◽  
Yun Bai
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Environmental Pressure ◽  
Personal Norms ◽  
Influence Mechanism ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

It is well known that environmental protection behaviors are influenced by both individual internal motivation and external environmental pressure, but few studies have looked at the two kinds of factors together. In order to study the influence mechanism of these two kinds of factors on the environmental protection behavior of urban residents, especially the difference between these two kinds of factors, we take personal norms and social norms as independent variables into the theoretical model. Results based on survey data of 731 urban residents revealed that personal norms and social norms both are positively associated with environmental protection behavior. Moreover, environmental protection willingness was found to mediate the relationship of personal and social norms with environmental protection behavior. We also found that the direct and indirect influences of personal norms on environmental protection behavior are greater than that of social norms. Further, the study revealed that cost consciousness moderates the relationship between personal norms, environmental protection willingness, and environmental protection behavior. Our results suggest that personal norms have a greater impact on environmental protection behavior than social norms. Therefore, we need to make greater efforts to promote environmental education and cultivate young people’s sense of environmental responsibility from an early age. At the same time, it is necessary to maintain appropriate environmental pressure and reduce the environmental cost in the daily life of residents.

scholarly journals Effect of Phage on the Infectivity of Vibrio cholerae and Emergence of Genetic Variants

2008 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 5266-5273 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shamim Hasan Zahid ◽  
S. M. Nashir Udden ◽  
A. S. G. Faruque ◽  
Stephen B. Calderwood ◽  
John J. Mekalanos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Seasonal Epidemics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Natural Settings ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Rapid Emergence ◽  
Competition Assays ◽  
Selective Mechanism

ABSTRACT Seasonal epidemics of cholera in Bangladesh are self-limited in nature, presumably due to phage predation of the causative Vibrio cholerae during the late stage of an epidemic, when cholera patients excrete large quantities of phage in their stools. To further understand the mechanisms involved, we studied the effect of phage on the infectivity and survival of V. cholerae shed in stools. The 50% infectious dose of stool vibrios in infant mice was ∼10-fold higher when the stools contained a phage (1.8 × 103 to 5.7 × 106 PFU/ml) than when stools did not contain a detectable phage. In competition assays in mice using a reference strain and phage-negative cholera stools, the infectivity of biofilm-like clumped cells was 3.9- to 115.9-fold higher than that of the corresponding planktonic cells. However, the difference in infectivity of these two cell populations in phage-positive stools was significantly less than that in phage-negative stools (P = 0.0006). Coculture of a phage and V. cholerae or dilutions of phage-positive cholera stools in nutrient medium, but not in environmental water, caused rapid emergence of phage-resistant derivatives of the bacteria, and these derivatives lost their O1 antigen. In cholera stools and in intestinal contents of mice prechallenged with a mixture of V. cholerae and phage, the bacteria remained completely phage susceptible, suggesting that the intestinal environment did not favor the emergence of phage-resistant derivatives that lost the O1 antigen. Our results indicate that phages lead to the collapse of epidemics by modulating the required infectious dose of the bacteria. Furthermore, the dominance of phage-resistant variants due to the bactericidal selective mechanism occurs rarely in natural settings, and the emerging variants are thus unable to sustain the ongoing epidemic.

scholarly journals How Close Are Western Cham Language and Bahasa Indonesia in their Structure? A Contrastive Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Math Safeat ◽  
Muhammad Hafiz Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Private School ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Clause Structure ◽  
Language Endangerment ◽  
Contrastive Study ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Massive Change ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

Western Cham spoken in Cambodia is categorized as Malay-Polynesian under the West Malay Polynesian with the largest speakers compared to its sister, Eastern Cham spoken in Vietnam. The fallen kingdom of Champa in 1442 brought pervasive and massive change to this language both spoken and writing system. The language contact between these languages to the neighboring language makes these languages survive by adopting the phonotactics of neighboring languages. However, this change can be traced back to its family and this research aims to find and to describe the difference and similarity between Bahasa Indonesia and Cham language using contrastive analysis. This analysis is used to elaborate the phrase structure, and simple clause structure with different voices, negation, and the use of adverb already which has its unique application. This research, which was fully funded by PPSDK (Pusat Pengembangan Stategi Diplomasi dan Kebahasaan) under the Ministry of Education of Republic Indonesia and also supported by Universitas Ahmad Dahlan and Musa Asiah Foundation (YASMA), was conducted in four months in a Muslim private School in Krouch Chmar, Cambodia and has secondary aim to support the development of this language and to preserve it from language endangerment status, because of its limited use in social settings.

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