scholarly journals Plural and Gender Inflection of English Loanwords in Colloquial Saudi Arabic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saud Mushait ◽  
Anwar A. H. Al-Athwary
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Discourse Intonation ◽  
Pitch Level ◽  
Plural Marking ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Saudi Arabic ◽  
Different Sources

This study aims at investigating how borrowed nouns from English are inflected for plural and gender in Colloquial Saudi Arabic (CSA). The attempt is also made to account for the possible linguistic factors which may affect this inflection in light of some theories in morphology. The analysis is based on more than 250 loanwords collected from different sources (dictionaries, social, media, and TV series). The results showed that foreign nouns are found to be marked for all types of plural (broken plural (BP), female sound plural (FSP), and masculine sound plural (MSP)). More than 77% of borrowed nouns are inflected for FSP. However, this result disagrees with the plural formation rule operating in native nominal stems, which states that BP is the most common, and SP seldom occurs. Views from morphology theory as proposed by Abd-Rabbo (1990) and McCarthy and Prince (1990a; 1990b) were employed to account for this phenomenon. Another feature which is also peculiar to FSP formation is related to the attachment of –ha:t and –ya:t to singular borrowed nouns to form FSP instead of -a:t. Like plural marking, gender assignment to borrowed nouns is also subject to the CSA rules. All English loan nouns are inflected either for masculine by attaching the f morpheme (the unmarked) or feminine gender by attaching –ah (the marked). Out of the three functions of the feminine marker –ah introduced by Drozdík (1998), the inflectional function is the only function that is found at work within foreign nouns. The study concludes with recommendations for further research on loanword variation with regard to plural formation and other morpho-syntactic processes across the different dialects of Arabic. discourse intonation, dominance/non-dominance, pitch level, proclaiming tone, praat program, referring tone

scholarly journals Lexicalizing number and gender in Lunigiana

Nordlyd ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. pp ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Tarald Taraldsen
Keyword(s):  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Number Marking ◽  
Vocabulary Item ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Plural Marking ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Italian Dialects ◽  
Masculine Gender

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">In this article, I present an analysis of gender and number marking on nouns in a group of Italian dialects. These dialects share the property that the plural morpheme is <em>-i-</em> in both the feminine and the masculine gender in both declension classes. But there is an asymmetry: in contexts where plurality is marked on a determiner, the plural marking <em>-i-</em> does not appear on nouns or adjectives in the feminine gender, but does appear on masculine nouns and adjectives. I argue that this asymmetry can be understood once it is recognized that a vocabulary item can lexicalize more than a single terminal, and that lexicalization is governed by the Superset Principle, i.e. if the lexicon associates a vocabulary item with a feature set <em>F</em>, it can lexicalize any constituent with the feature set <em>F'</em> provided <em>F</em> is a superset of <em>F'</em>.</span></p>

scholarly journals Gender Assignment in Six North Scandinavian Languages: Patterns of Variation and Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-315
Author(s):  
Briana Van Epps ◽  
Gerd Carling ◽  
Yair Sapir
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Old Norse ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Old Swedish ◽  
Gender System ◽  
Gender Change

This study addresses gender assignment in six North Scandinavian varieties with a three-gender system: Old Norse, Norwegian (Nynorsk), Old Swedish, Nysvenska, Jamtlandic, and Elfdalian. Focusing on gender variation and change, we investigate the role of various factors in gender change. Using the contemporary Swedish varieties Jamtlandic and Elfdalian as a basis, we compare gender assignment in other North Scandinavian languages, tracing the evolution back to Old Norse. The data consist of 1,300 concepts from all six languages coded for cognacy, gender, and morphological and semantic variation. Our statistical analysis shows that the most important factors in gender change are the Old Norse weak/strong inflection, Old Norse gender, animate/inanimate distinction, word frequency, and loan status. From Old Norse to modern languages, phonological assignment principles tend to weaken, due to the general loss of word-final endings. Feminine words are more susceptible to changing gender, and the tendency to lose the feminine is noticeable even in the varieties in our study upholding the three-gender system. Further, frequency is significantly correlated with unstable gender. In semantics, only the animate/inanimate distinction signifi-cantly predicts gender assignment and stability. In general, our study confirms the decay of the feminine gender in the Scandinavian branch of Germanic.

scholarly journals Grammatical Gender: Acquisition, Attrition, and Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-121
Author(s):  
Terje Lohndal ◽  
Marit Westergaard
Keyword(s):  
Heritage Language ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
First Language ◽  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
First Language Acquisition ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Indefinite Article ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Combined Data

This paper discusses grammatical gender in Norwegian by bringing together data from first language acquisition, Norwegian heritage language, and dialect change. In all these contexts, gender is often claimed to be a vulnerable category, arguably due to the relative non-transparency of gender assignment. Furthermore, the feminine gender is in the process of being lost in many Norwegian dialects, as feminine agreement forms (for example, the indefinite article) are merged with the masculine. The definite suffix, in contrast, is quite stable, as it is acquired early and does not undergo attrition/change. We argue that the combined data provide evidence that gender and declension class are separate phenomena, and we outline a possible formal analysis to account for the findings.*

scholarly journals S Doris in däm wisse Fätze.

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 137-156
Author(s):  
Gerda Baumgartner
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Social Relationship ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Definite Article ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Swiss German ◽  
The Feminine

In various Swiss German dialects, the feminine gender is not the sole possibility when referring to women. Under certain circumstances, the article of female first names can also be neuter, e. g. s Doris. The gender assignment of names is determined by linguistic variables such as morphology or semantics, but also by social factors like age and social relationship. Neuter names have been shown to indicate social relations and encode certain concepts of gender roles in society. Based on data from an extensive online survey and fieldwork conducted in different places of Switzerland, the affective function of the neuter gender in the use of female names is explained. The focus lies on the definite article.

scholarly journals Are We There Yet?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Dipanwita Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Social Constructions ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Cultural Narratives ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Wonder Woman ◽  
Visual Evidence ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Eastern Cultures ◽  
And Gender

<p>This research will address American gender theorist Butler's assertion of third wave feminism and gender ethics and advocate that despite education and modernization, a duplicity still exists in the way gender has been depicted in western culture as well as in indigenous culture. This investigation seeks to acknowledge this duplicity by performing a comparative study of the western superhero Wonder Woman and the indigenous Indian Goddess Durga. Ultimately, this study challenges the contemporary terminologies and the interpretations concerning gender roles within the society to show the duplicity inherent in these contrasting renditions. Through a theoretical and practical framework and with the help of academic works and social media, the study conveys more visually empathetic ways to define the feminine gender as being powerful and multifaceted. These investigations will include traditional and contemporary examples of visual illustrations that contain their own social and cultural narratives and offer visual evidence of the perceptions and preconceptions that Butler refers to in her ‘Undoing Gender’ as “social and sexual constraints” (Butler, 2004, p. 10-15). The findings include visual responses that explore the personal counter-reaction towards duplicity that I argue is rife within social constructions of the feminine gender in both the Western and Eastern cultures. The illustration techniques in this research will provide more in-depth representations of the multifarious feminine characteristics. The study concludes that the sense of gender inequality still exists in contemporary society and only acceptance of this fact can resolve the issue.</p>

The effects of sex and gender on child and adolescent pain

2013 ◽  
pp. 127-134
Author(s):  
Erin C. Moon ◽  
Anita M. Unruh
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Clinical Pain ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Experimental Pain Sensitivity ◽  
Masculine Gender

As women enter adulthood, they are at an increased risk for a number of clinical pain conditions and show higher experimental pain sensitivity relative to men (e.g. Fillingim et al., 2009). The feminine gender role encourages the expression of pain in both children and adults whereas the masculine gender role encourages stoicism in response to pain (e.g. Robinson et al., 2001; Zeman and Garber, 1996). The earlier work of Unruh (1996), Berkeley (1992, 1997), and LeResche (1997), demonstrated that sex and gender shaped the experience of pain and a subsequent body of research has continued to articulate their influence.

scholarly journals In Opposing Community Wisdom: Exposing Lexicon Choices in Kimeru Folklore as Agents of Patriarchy and Gender Bias

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
Ann Hildah Gatakaa Kinyua
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Gender Inequity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Pastoralist Communities ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
The World ◽  
And Gender

Since time immemorial, communities across the world exhibit gender inequity whereby the feminine gender is viewed as lesser to their male counterparts. Studies indicate that no one is born a man or a woman, but rather the society makes us men or women through acculturation into roles that are conventionally stereotyped as male or female. However, the roles and duties for men and women vary from community to community; some duties are strictly viewed as being for one gender in one community are considered duties for the other gender in another community. For example, among the Ameru, a patriarchal society of Eastern Kenya, no woman can undertake the task of building a shelter, while among the pastoralist communities of Kenya, women build family shelters. This means there are no duties that are strictly for men or women in the world. This paper argues that one way that society makes men and women out of her people is through the language used in community folklore transmitted through formal or informal linguistic interactions. A case is made from a careful examination of the Ameru proverbs, wise sayings, and riddles. It will be shown that the language used in these genres continually exhorts and invites the male gender to manifest macho and positive qualities while at the same time depicts the female gender as feeble, vain, and weak. The paper proposes the repackaging of community folklore and wisdom through language that establishes positive qualities for members of both genders.

scholarly journals Are We There Yet?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Dipanwita Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Social Constructions ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Cultural Narratives ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Wonder Woman ◽  
Visual Evidence ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Eastern Cultures ◽  
And Gender

<p>This research will address American gender theorist Butler's assertion of third wave feminism and gender ethics and advocate that despite education and modernization, a duplicity still exists in the way gender has been depicted in western culture as well as in indigenous culture. This investigation seeks to acknowledge this duplicity by performing a comparative study of the western superhero Wonder Woman and the indigenous Indian Goddess Durga. Ultimately, this study challenges the contemporary terminologies and the interpretations concerning gender roles within the society to show the duplicity inherent in these contrasting renditions. Through a theoretical and practical framework and with the help of academic works and social media, the study conveys more visually empathetic ways to define the feminine gender as being powerful and multifaceted. These investigations will include traditional and contemporary examples of visual illustrations that contain their own social and cultural narratives and offer visual evidence of the perceptions and preconceptions that Butler refers to in her ‘Undoing Gender’ as “social and sexual constraints” (Butler, 2004, p. 10-15). The findings include visual responses that explore the personal counter-reaction towards duplicity that I argue is rife within social constructions of the feminine gender in both the Western and Eastern cultures. The illustration techniques in this research will provide more in-depth representations of the multifarious feminine characteristics. The study concludes that the sense of gender inequality still exists in contemporary society and only acceptance of this fact can resolve the issue.</p>

scholarly journals Prejudice Nation: Hypersexualization and Abuse in Jude Dibia’s Unbridled

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402110326
Author(s):  
Chinenye Amonyeze ◽  
Stella Okoye-Ugwu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Girl Child ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Patriarchal Society ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Culture Of Silence

With the global #Metoo movement yet to arrive in Nigeria, Jude Dibia’s Unbridled reflects an emblematic moment for the underrepresented to occupy their stories and make their voices heard. The study analyzes patriarchy’s complicated relationship with the Nigerian girl child, significantly reviewing the inherent prejudices in patriarchy’s power hierarchies and how radical narratives explore taboo topics like incest and sexual violence. Contextualizing the concepts of hypersexualization and implicit bias to put in perspective how women, expected to be the gatekeepers of sex, are forced to navigate competing allegiances while remaining submissive and voiceless, the article probes the struggles of sexual victims and how hierarchies in a patriarchal society exacerbate their affliction through a culture of silence. Arguing that Dibia’s Unbridled confronts the narrative of silence in Nigerian fiction, the article explores ways the author empowers gender by challenging social values and traditional gender roles, underscoring gender dynamics and the problematic nature of prevalent bias against the feminine gender in Nigeria.

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