scholarly journals Haemolytic Effects of Hypo-osmotic Salt Solutions on Human Erythrocytes

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Nepal ◽  
J P Rao
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Nickel Chloride ◽  
Human Erythrocytes ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Potassium Salts ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Chloride Salts ◽  
Human Red Cells

Background While it is well known that hypotonic solutions of sodium chloride induce hemolysis, the effects of other salt solutions on human erythrocytes have not been well documented. Objective The study is to compare the effects of other salt solutions on human red cells. Methods Iso-osmotic and hypo-osmotic solutions of various salts were prepared after taking into account their molecular weight and osmotic pressure. Five healthy volunteers between the age of 22-30 years were randomly selected and ten blood samples were collected from them. The study was conducted from January 2009 to February 2009. Blood was collected from subjects by venepuncture into heparinised tubes. 20 ?l of blood was pipetted into 1 ml of each solution and incubated for one hour at 37ºC in a water bath. The solutions were centrifuged and the colour of the supernatant was read in a spectrophotometer. Supernatant from blood added to distilled water was considered 100% hemolysed. Results Iso-osmotic salt solutions were free of hemolysis. Among chloride salts, sodium chloride showed the least hemolysis and potassium chloride and nickel chloride resulted into greater hemolysis. Among potassium salts, potassium bromate caused highest amount of hemolysis whereas potassium sulphate showed the least. Conclusion The significant differences in hemolytic pattern in hypo-osmotic salts solutions suggest that the hypo-osmotic stress causes morphological changes in red cells that alter their permeability to various ions leading to hemolysis. This probably occurs through opening of volume sensitive channels. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i2.6285Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(2):35-9

scholarly journals Fructose-6-phosphate,2-kinase activity in human erythrocytes

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1211-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Fujii ◽  
M Matsuda ◽  
S Okuya ◽  
Y Yoshizaki ◽  
Y Miura-Kora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pyruvate Kinase ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphate ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Human Erythrocytes ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Half Maximum ◽  
Maximum Activation ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Human Red Cells

Abstract The hemolysate partially purified from human red cells was demonstrated to be capable of synthesizing fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-P2) from fructose-6-phosphate in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) indicating that human red cells contain fructose-6-phosphate,2-kinase. The effect of F-2,6-P2 on the rate-limiting enzymes of glycolysis, ie, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase (PFK), and pyruvate kinase, has also been examined. PFK was activated by this metabolite and the half- maximum activation was obtained at a concentration of 10(-7) mol/L. Neither hexokinase nor pyruvate kinase was affected by F-2,6-P2. These results suggest that human erythrocytes may contain this metabolite as one of the positive effectors for PFK.

Asymmetry of Na-K-Cl cotransport in human erythrocytes

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (2) ◽  
pp. C243-C250 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Kracke ◽  
M. A. Anatra ◽  
P. B. Dunham
Keyword(s):  
Human Erythrocytes ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Mutual Dependence ◽  
L Cells ◽  
Na Efflux ◽  
Cotransport System ◽  
Human Red Cells

The Na-K-Cl cotransport system in human erythrocytes was studied by measuring net influxes and effluxes of Na and K. The influx of K was shown to be stimulated by Na and the influx of Na was stimulated by K, satisfying the fundamental criterion of cotransport. In addition, these mutually stimulating cation influxes had a stoichiometry of 1:1 and were entirely inhibited by furosemide; these results are also consistent with cotransport. Furthermore, the mutually stimulating influxes were entirely dependent on Cl, since they were abolished when nitrate was substituted for Cl. In contrast, cotransport, defined by mutual dependence of fluxes, was not detected in the outward direction over a range of cellular Na and K concentrations from 0 to 50 mmol/l cells. The cotransport pathway did, however, appear to mediate a Na-stimulated K efflux (but no K-stimulated Na efflux), and furosemide-inhibitable effluxes of both Na and K. Nitrate (but not sulfate) appeared to substitute for chloride in promoting Na-stimulated K efflux. Thus the Na-K-Cl cotransport system in human red cells is intrinsically asymmetric, and mediates coupled cation fluxes readily only in the inward direction.

Effect of ammonium chloride on osmotic behavior of red cells in nonelectrolytes

1979 ◽  
Vol 236 (5) ◽  
pp. C238-C243 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Sass
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Chloride Solutions ◽  
Potassium Loss ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Additional Protection ◽  
Osmotic Behavior ◽  
Added Salt ◽  
Human Red Cells

Ammonium chloride, demonstrated to be a permeating electrolyte for human red cells in water or sodium chloride solutions, has been shown to act as if it contributes osmotic support in the presence of sucrose. The additional protection provided by ammonium chloride against hemolysis in hypotonic sucrose was found to approximate the milliosmolar concentration of the added salt. In view of previous suggestions that potassium loss was responsible for the increased protection observed with hypotonic nonelectrolyte alone, it was considered reasonable that the further protection afforded by ammonium chloride might reflect a comparable mechanism. Such a relationship was not observed. When added to isosmotic sucrose, ammonium chloride was found to be as effective as sodium chloride in preventing rather than augmenting potassium loss, in accord with the observations of others. Under hypotonic conditions, however, the addition of ammonium chloride had no effect on potassium loss beyond that observed in hypotonic sucrose alone. Equivalent additions of sodium chloride eliminated the potassium loss entirely. It was concluded that sucrose, and possibly other nonelectrolytes, acted to modify the red cell's permeability to ammonium chloride. It is this conversion of ammonium chloride to an impermeant molecule that is considered to be responsible for the observed osmotic support as well as for the markedly disparate findings in sodium chloride solutions.

scholarly journals Fructose-6-phosphate,2-kinase activity in human erythrocytes

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1211-1213
Author(s):  
S Fujii ◽  
M Matsuda ◽  
S Okuya ◽  
Y Yoshizaki ◽  
Y Miura-Kora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pyruvate Kinase ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphate ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Human Erythrocytes ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Half Maximum ◽  
Maximum Activation ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Human Red Cells

The hemolysate partially purified from human red cells was demonstrated to be capable of synthesizing fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-P2) from fructose-6-phosphate in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) indicating that human red cells contain fructose-6-phosphate,2-kinase. The effect of F-2,6-P2 on the rate-limiting enzymes of glycolysis, ie, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase (PFK), and pyruvate kinase, has also been examined. PFK was activated by this metabolite and the half- maximum activation was obtained at a concentration of 10(-7) mol/L. Neither hexokinase nor pyruvate kinase was affected by F-2,6-P2. These results suggest that human erythrocytes may contain this metabolite as one of the positive effectors for PFK.

In Vitro Assay of Platelet Adhesiveness with Washed and Tanned Human Red Cells

1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (03/04) ◽  
pp. 384-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Zbinden ◽  
S Tomlin
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Adhesion ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
In Vitro Assay ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Platelet Adhesiveness ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
In Vitro System ◽  
Human Red Cells

SummaryAn in vitro system is described in which adhesion of blood platelets to washed and tannic acid-treated red cells was assayed quantitatively by microscopic observation. ADP, epinephrine and TAME produced a reversible increase in platelet adhesiveness which was antagonized by AMP. With Evans blue, polyanetholsulfonate, phthalanilide NSC 38280, thrombin and heparin at concentrations above 1-4 u/ml the increase was irreversible. The ADP-induced increase in adhesiveness was inhibited by sodium citrate, EDTA, AMP, ATP and N-ethylmaleimide. EDTA, AMP and the SH-blocker N-ethylmaleimide also reduced spontaneous platelet adhesion to red cells. No significant effects were observed with adenosine, phenprocoumon, 5-HT, phthalanilide NSC 57155, various estrogens, progestogens and fatty acids, acetylsalicylic acid and similarly acting agents, hydroxylamine, glucose and KCN. The method may be useful for the screening of thrombogenic and antithrombotic properties of drugs.

IN VITRO UPTAKE OF RADIOACTIVE 131I LABELLED L-TRIIODOTHYRONINE BY HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES AS AN INDEX OF THYROID FUNCTION

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIV (II) ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Woldring ◽  
A. Bakker ◽  
H. Doorenbos
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Human Erythrocytes ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
In Vitro Uptake

ABSTRACT The red cell triiodothyronine uptake technique as used in our hospital is described. Incubation time is of almost no importance. The temperature during incubation should be 37° C. Further improvement of the technique is obtained when all blood samples are brought up to 40 % haematocrit prior to incubation. Clinical results are discussed. It is yet too early to give a definite assessment of its clinical value, but it is definitely superior to the measurement of the BMR.

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